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45 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What is characterized as a pea sized gland that weighs 0.5gm and sites at the base of the brain in the sella turcica?
Pituitary Gland
Hormones that are made in the pituitary gland are responsible for?
1) Growth
2) Reproduction
3) Metabolism
What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland?
1) Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)
2) Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
What are the 5 cell types associated with the anterior lobe (pars distalis)?
1) Somatotrophs
2) Mammotrophs
3) Corticotrophs
4) Thyrotrophs
5) Gonadotrophs
How do chromophils stains?
Acidophilic (stains pink)
How do baophils stain?
Basophilic (Blue)
What does somatotropin do?
Released from the anterior pituitary, it increases the rate of cellular metabolism.
What is the somatotroph histology?
Organized RER and packed into secretory granultes.
What does prolactin do?
1) Promotes mammary gland development
2) Promotes lactation after birth
What are some characterisitics of prolactin?
You hardly find them as individual cells. You will see an increasing amount during pregnancy.

The granules are about double the size as those in somatotropin.
What is unique about basophils other than their staining characteristic?
They have carboyhydrate sidechains.
Whats so special about the carboyhydrate sidechains?
Periodic acid schiff reaction results in a magenta staining where the carbohydrate is.

Delivers greater contrast between acidophils and basophils compared to acid/base techniques
What do corticotrophs secrete?
ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex.
What do thyrotrophs secrete?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which stimulates release of thyroid hormones.
What is the histology of thyroid stimulating hormone?
The cells are polygonal situated in clusters. Not contacting the sinusoids directly.
What do gonadotrophs secrete?
FSH and lutenizing hormone
What does FSH do?
Stimulates ovarian follicle development

In males, it initiates spermatogenesis
What does lutenizing hormone do?
Triggers ovulation.

In men, it stimulates production of leydig
Which cells secrete nothing in the pars distalis?
Folliculostellate cells
Chromophobes are thought to represent chromophils that have released their ____.
Granules
Which part of the anterior pituitary is highly vascularized?
The pars tuberalis
Pars tuberalis release _____
FSH and LH gonadotropins
What is characterized by a thin remnant of the posterior wall apposed to the infundibulum of the neurophyphysis?
The pars intermedia
What type of cells make up the pars intermedia?
cords of cuboidal cells lining small cysts (rathyke's cysts)
What do Rathyke's cells secrete?
Melanocyte-secreting hormone with no known function
What grows as an evagination from the floor of the brain and remains attached to it via a stalk?
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Where do the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary come from?
Somata within the Hypothalamus
What are characteristics of the structure/components of the Pars Nervosa?
1) unmyelinated axons
2) Neurosecretory granules
What important things do the neurosecretory granules of the pars nervosa contain?
1) Oxytocin
2) Antidiuretic Hormone
3) Neurophysins
What does oxytocin do?
1) Milk ejection
2) Contracts the smooth muscles of the uterus
What does antidiuretic hormone do?
Also known as vasopressin, it increases water resorption in the renal collecting ducts.

It also induces arterial smooth muscle contraction in order to raise blood pressure.
What are branches off the Superior Hypophyseal arteries?
1) Primary capillary plexus
2) Hypophyseal portal veins
3) Secondary capillary plexus
The primary capillary plexus supplies _____
median eminence
Hypophyseal portal veins drain _____
primary capillary plexus
Secondary capillary plexus receives blood from ____
hypophyseal portal veins
Inferior hypophyseal arteries primarily supply the _____ lobe
Posterior
Secondary plexus and posterior lobe exit the hypophysis into the _______
cavernous sinuses
Hormones enter the blood stream and have their effects on cells in the pars distalis as they pass through the ____ and ____.
1) Primary capillary plexus
2) Secondary plexus
Where are the thyroid secretory products stored?
In follicles
Inactive form of storage of thyroid hormone
Thyroglobulin
What converts Iodide to Iodine?
Thyroid Peroxidase
This cell arises from the neural crest
Parafollicular

Its also a pale cell that in generally in small clusters between follicles.
What type of hormone does parafollicular cell release?
Calcitonin
Which one has a more rapid effect? Calcitonin or PTH?
Calcitonin.
What other cell type is present in the parathyroid gland besides chief cells?
Oxyphil cells.