Endocrine System - Chapter 18

Front 1

What are the differences between the Endocrine System and the Nervous System

Back 1

Endocrine: long term/ metablolic activity, acts slower, released into blood
Nervous: short term, acts quickly, confined to snynapse

Front 2

Amino Acid Derivatives

Back 2

- Throid hormone
- Binds to nucleus and mitochondria
- Direct acting

Front 3

Peptide Derivatives

Back 3

- chains of amino acids
- LH, FSH, ACTH, PRL, GH, TSH, MSH,ADH, Oxytocin
- Indirect acting

Front 4

Lipid Derivatives

Back 4

- Direct acting
- Steroids/ sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen
- Eicosanoids: prostaglandin

Front 5

Indirect Acting Hormone:
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase

Back 5

1. G protien acivated
2. Adenylate cyclase activated
3. cAMP acts as 2nd messenger
4. Kinase activated
>> opens ion channels
>> activates more enzymes

Front 6

Indirect Acting Hormone:
Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase

Back 6

1. G protien acivated
2. PDE activated
3. cAMP breaks down
4. cAMP reduce: enzyme inhibition

Front 7

Indirect Acting Hormone:
Ca2+ Levels

Back 7

Activation of PLC
1. Release IP3
- causes Ca2+ ^ when released from ER
2. DAG > protien Kinase C
- IP3 ^ Ca2=
- ion channels in cm open bringing Ca2+ into EFC
3. Increase Ca2+ and w/ Calmodilin activated enzymes

Front 8

Direct Acting Hormones:
Steroid Hormone

Back 8

1. Diffuse through membrane
2. bind to hormone receptor
3. bind hormone to DNA
4. Activate Gene
5. Transcription and production of mRNA
6. Translation and protien synthesis
7. Target Cell response

Front 9

Direct Acting Hormones:
Thyroid Hormone

Back 9

1. Diffuse through membrane
2. bind to hormone receptor at mitochondria and nucleus
3. bind hormone to DNA
4. Activate Gene
5. Transcription and production of mRNA
6. Translation and protien synthesis
7. Target Cell response

Front 10

3 Ways Hormones are Released

Back 10

1. Endocrine Reflex
2. Neuroendocrine Relfex
3. Humoral Stimuli

Front 11

3 Ways Hormones are Released

Back 11

1. Endocrine Reflex
2. Neuroendocrine Reflex
3. Humoral Stimuli

Front 12

Endocrine Reflex

Back 12

- Hypothalamus secretes RH
- Ant. Pit. secretes hormones
- secretion or hormones from other glands

Front 13

Neuroendocrine Reflex

Back 13

- Hypothalamus produces and stores hormones
- released by Post. Pit.
- directly on Adrenal Medulla

Front 14

Pituitary Gland

Back 14

- 9 Peptide/ Indirect acting
- Anterior Adreohypophysis
- Posterior Neurohypophysis

Front 15

Anterior Pituitary:
Portal System

Back 15

- fenestrated capillaries
- pick up RH in hypothalamus
- send to target cells of Ant. Pit.

Front 16

Anterior Pituitary:
Hormones

Back 16

1.TSH
2.ACTH
3.FSH
4.LH
5.PRL
6.GH
7.MSH

Front 17

TSH

Back 17

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
1. Hypothalamus > TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)
2. Release TSH from Ant. Pit.
3. Triggers release of Thyroid Hormones from Thyroid Gland

Front 18

ACTH

Back 18

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
1. Hypothalamus > CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
2. Release ACTH from Ant. Pit.
3. Triggers release of glucocorticoids from Adrenal Cortex: Zona Fasciculata

Front 19

FSH

Back 19

Follicle Stimulating Hormone
1. Hypothalamus > GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
2. Release FSH from Ant. Pit.
3. Stimulates follicular development
- estrogen secretion on women
-sperm production in males

Front 20

LH

Back 20

Leutinizing Hormone
1. Hypothalamus > GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
2. Release LH from Ant. Pit.
3. Causes ovulation and progesterone production on females
- androgen production in males

Front 21

PRL

Back 21

Prolactin
- Stimulates Development of mammary glands and milk production

Front 22

GH

Back 22

Growth Hormone
- Stimulates cells growth and replication
1. GH-RH
2. GH-IH

Front 23

MSH

Back 23

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
- Secreted btw Ant. and Post.
- Secrete during fetal, early childhood, pregnancy, and illness
- produces melanin

Front 24

Posterior Pituitary:
Hormones

Back 24

1. ADH
2. Oxytocin

Front 25

ADH

Back 25

- Decrease water loss in kidneys
- reabsorb water in kidneys
- ^ BV/ BP

Front 26

Oxytocin

Back 26

- Stimulates contraction in mammary glands
- " in smooth muscle cells of uterus
- overcome anxiety : comfort/ trust

Front 27

Thyroid Gland

Back 27

- 2 lobes/ ISTHMUS

- Contains Follicles
> follicular cells release T3 and T4
> C-cells produce Calcitonin

Front 28

Production of T3 and T4

Back 28

1. Absorb I- in blood
- TSH opens ion channel
2. I- + tyrosine = hormone
3. w/ thyroid peridoxidase hormone > thyroglobulin in colloid
4. edndocytosis
5. Lysosomes break down and recycle A.A.
6. T3 and T4 diffuse into blood

Front 29

Parathyroid Hormone

Back 29

- Cheif Cells: parathyroid hormone
- parathyroid hormone + calcitriol regulate calcium

Front 30

Increased Levels of Ca2+

Back 30

Calcitonin
- increase excretion in kidneys
- inhibit osteoclasts

Front 31

Decreased Levels of Ca2+

Back 31

Parathyroid Hormone
- stimulate osteoclasts
- reabsorb Ca2+ in Kidneys
- stimulate Calcitriol in Kidneys to ^ Ca2+

Front 32

Adrenal Gland:
Adrenal Cortex

Back 32

1. Zona Glomerulosa
- mineralcorticoids
2. Zona Fasciculata
- glucocorticoids
3. Zona Recticularis
- androgens (minimal testosterone)

Front 33

Zona Glomerulosa

Back 33

Mineralcorticoids
-> Aldosterone
- conserves Na+
- eliminates K+
- reabsorbs water > RAS

Front 34

Zona Glomerulosa: RAS

Back 34

Renin Angiotensin System
LOW BLOOD PRESSURE
- Renin -> Aniotensin I
-> Angiotensin II: vasoconstrictor
- aldosterone/ ADH released: ^BV/ ^BP

Front 35

Zona Fasciculata

Back 35

Glucocorticoids
- adequate glucose in blood
1. break down glycogen > glucose (mus. and liver)
2. glyconeogenesis (A.A. build glucose
3. Adipose tissue : glucose sparing effect
4. Antiinflamatory

Front 36

Pineal Gland

Back 36

- Pinealocytes
- synthesize melatonin
Function:
- protect damage
- circadian rhythms (SAD)
- inhibit reproduction

Front 37

Pancreas

Back 37

Pancreatic Islets
-Alpha : Glucagon
-Beta : Insulin
-Delta : GH-IH
-F cells: Pancreatic peptides

Front 38

Insulin

Back 38

- lowers blood sugar
- increases rate of sugar utilization

Front 39

Glucagon

Back 39

- increases blood sugar
- increase rate of sugar break down and production by liver

Front 40

HIGH Blood Sugar

Back 40

Insulin
1. sugar faster to cells
2. use more sugar and ATP
3. glucose to glycogen
4. more A.A. absorption
5. more fat synthesis

Front 41

LOW Bood Sugar

Back 41

Glucagon
1. gycogen > glucose
2. fats > fatty acids
3. more production and release of glucose

Front 42

The Kidneys

Back 42

- 2 Hormones: Calcitriol, EPO
- 1 Enzyme: Renin

Front 43

Calcitriol

Back 43

Stimulates Ca2+ absorption in digestive tract
(works with parathyroid hormone)

Front 44

EPO

Back 44

erythropoietin
- stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow

Front 45

Renin

Back 45

Converts angiotensin to angiotensin I (indirectly into angiotensin II)

Front 46

Angiotensin II

Back 46

- In lungs
- Vasoconstrictor
- stim Adrenal production of Aldosterone ^BV/BP
- Stim Pit. Gland release ADH
- Thirst

Front 47

The Heart

Back 47

- Natriuretic Peptides when blood pressure too high
- inhibit Aldosterone/ ADH

Front 48

The Thymus

Back 48

thymosins
- maintain immune defenses

Front 49

The Gonads

Back 49

-Interstitial cells of testes produce testosterone
- females, oocytes develop in follicles: produce estrogens
- After ovulation, the follicle cells form an endocrine structure called the corpus luteum that releases a mixture of estrogens and progesterone

Front 50

Growth

Back 50

GH
Thyroid hormones
Insulin
PTH
Calcitriol
Reproductive hormones

Front 51

Stress

Back 51

any condition that threatens homeostasis (physical/emotional)

Front 52

GAS

Back 52

1. Alarm Phase (immediate, fight or flight, directed by the sympathetic nervous system)
2. Resistance Phase (dominated by glucocorticoids)
3. Exhaustion Phase (breakdown of homeostatic regulation and failure of one or more organ systems)

Front 53

HYPOthyroidism

Back 53

- Decrease in T3 and T4
- Low Metabolism
- Fatigue
- Increase body weight
- Lethargic and Weak
RX: Sythroid

Front 54

Cretinism

Back 54

Hypothyroidism in Infant
- no gland/ inactive gland @ birth
- mother not enough T3 or T4
- Muscular problems
- Mental Retardation

Front 55

HYPERthyroidism

Back 55

- Increase secretion of T3 and T4
- Increase metabolic rate
- Thin
- Increased energy production
- fatigue
RX: PTU

Front 56

Thyroid Goiter

Back 56

I- defficiency > can't make T3 and T4
- compmress trachea, esophagus, BV in neck

Front 57

Male Reproductive System: Pathway of Spermatozoa

Back 57

- Seminiferous Tubules
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Ejactulatory duct

Front 58

Male Reproductive System: Accesory Glands/Organs

Back 58

- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostate Gland
- Bulbourethral Gland
- Scrotum encloses testes
- Penis

Front 59

Crematser

Back 59

Muscle of scrotal sac
- pulls scrotum close to body
- regulaes scrotal temperature

Front 60

Tunica Albuginea

Back 60

Connective Tissue surrounding testes

Front 61

Septa

Back 61

Partition from Tunica Albuginea to Epididymus

Front 62

Seminiferous Tubules

Back 62

- Spermatozoa produced
- " pass through rete testis to epididymus
- epididymus > vas deferens
- Interstitial cells: testosterone

Front 63

Spermatgenesis

Back 63

1. Mitosis
2. Meosis
3. Spermiogenisis