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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Location of epinephrine, norepinephrine secretion
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Suprarehttp://www.flashcardexchange.com/mycards/add/944308nal medulla
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Location of dopamine secretion
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Hypothalamus
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Pituitary gland secretes
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), prolactin (PRL), oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Function of ACTH
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Stimulation of adrenal cortex for secretion of glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol); part of negative feedback loop.
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Anterior Pituitary Secretes
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ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, TSH, GH
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Posterior pituitary secretes
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Oxytocin, ADH
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Hypothalamus function in endocrine system
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Produces ADH, oxytocin, regulatory hormones
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Pineal gland secretes
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Melatonin
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Parathyroid glands (location and function)
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On posterior surface of thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Heart function in endocrine system
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Monitors blood pressure; secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide
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Thyroid gland secretes
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Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
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Thymus secretes
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Thymosins
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Suprarenal glands secrete
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Epinephrine (E), Norepipnephrine (NE), cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
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Divisions of the suprarenal glands
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Suprarenal medulla, suprerenal cortex
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Suprarenal medulla secretes
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Epinephrine (E), Norepinephrine (NE)
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Suprarenal cortex secretes
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Cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
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Kidney secretes
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Erythropoietin (EPO), calcitriol
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Adipose tissue secretes
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Leptin
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Pancreatic islets secrete
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Insulin, glucagon
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Testes secrete
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Androgens (esp. testosterone), inhibin
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Ovaries secrete
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Estrogens, progestins, inhibin
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Basic hormone action pathway
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Ductless glands secrete into blood; circulation through blood vessels until reaching specific target cells (selectivity for tissue type) -- single hormone may have different target cells with different effects
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Hormone regulation occurs via
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Feedback loops (+/-)
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Three mechanisms of hormone release
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Humoral -- blood concentrations
Neural -- nervous system stimulation Hormonal -- hormones act as hormone stimulants/regulators |
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Types of hormone interaction (i.e. stimulation of single cell by multiple hormones have combined effects as one of these)
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Synergistic -- additive
Permissive -- one encourages/activates the other Antagonistic -- effects oppose one another |
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Exocrine v. endocrine glands
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Exocrine have ducts and extracellular effects, whereas endocrine releases directly to tissue fluids and has intracellular effects
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Chemicals that act both as neurotransmitters and hormones
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NE, ADH, cholesystokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine
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Hormones secreted by neuroendocrine cells
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Oxytocin, catecholamines
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Functions of the hypothalamus
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Controls primitive drives (hunger, thirst, temperature); regulatory function (secretes releasing/inbhibitory hormones: TRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH, GHRH, PIH, Somatostatin)
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TRH -- Name and function
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Thryotropin-releasing hormone promotes secretion of TSH and PRL
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CRH -- Name, site of secretion, and function
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone, secreted at hypothalamus, promotes ACTH secretion
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GnRH -- Name, site of secretion, and function
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, secreted at the hypothalamus, promotes secretion of FSH, LH
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PRH - Name, site of secretion, and function
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Prolactin-secreting hormone, secreted at hypothalamus, promotes secretion of PRL
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GHRH - Name, site of secretion, and function
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Growth hormone releasing hormone, secreted at the hypothalamus, promotes GH secretion
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PIH - Name, site of secretion, and function
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Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, secreted at hypothalamus, inhibits PRL secretion
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Somatostatin - Site of secretion, and function
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Secreted at hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of GH, TSH
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Major divisions of pituitary gland (and which contain which lobes?)
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Adenohypophysis (contains anterior pituitary in the pars distalis), neurohypophysis (contains posterior pituitary in pars nervosa) (see endocrine slide 16)
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Divisions of the adenohypophysis
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Pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, pars distalis (see endocrine side 16)
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Divisions of the neurohypophysis
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Median eminence, infundibular stalk (suspends pituitary from hypothalamus), pars nervosa (see endocrine slide 16)
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Location of hypohysis (=pituitary gland)
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Sella turcica, in sphenoid bone
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Histological distinction between anterior and posterior pituitary glands
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Anterior is glandular tissue, whereas posterior is mostly neuroglia and fibres
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Endocrine cells contained in the pars distalis (anterior pituitary)
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Somatotropic cells, mammotropic cells, thyrotropic cells, corticotropic cells, gonadotropic cells
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Somatotropic cells secrete
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GH
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GH secreted by which cells
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Somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
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Mammotropic cells secrete
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PRL
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PRL secreted by which cells
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Mammotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
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Thyrotropic cells secrete
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TSH
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TSH secreted by which cells
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Thyrotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
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Corticotropic cells secrete
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ACTH, MSH
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ACTH secreted by which cells
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Corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
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MSH secreted by
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Corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
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Gonadotropic cells secrete
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FSH, LH
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FSH secreted by which cells
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Gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
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LH secreted by which cells
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Gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
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Function of the posterior pituitary gland
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Store and secrete OT, ADH (both produced in the hypothalamus)
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Define: Tropic hormones
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Stimulate release of other hormones in other endocrine glands
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Function of FSH
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Women: Stimulates egg and follicle growth/development + estrogen secretion
Men: stimulates sperm production |
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Function of LH
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Women: Stimulates ovulation, progesterone/estrogen secretion at corpus luteum
Men: Stimulates testosterone secretion (via interstitial cells of testes) |
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Function of TSH
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Stimulates thyroid gland growth/secretion of thyroid hormone (metabolic effects)
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Function of ACTH
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Stimulates secretion of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex, regulates stress response
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Function of corticosteroids
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Glucose regulation, metabolic (fat/protein)
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Function of PRL
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Women: Mammary gland stimulation, milk synthesis (post-partum) -- level increases during pregnancy, but effects are post-delivery
Men: increase testes sensitivity to LH; increased testosterone secretion |
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Function of GH
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Promotes tissue growth (widespread) through mitosis/differentiation
Children: Bone, cartilage, muscle growth, esp. at epiphyseal plates Adults: Bone thickness/structure via increased osteoblastic activity + appositional growth |
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Function of ADH
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Targets kidneys for increased water retension + reduced urine output
Neurotransmitter |
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Function of oxytocin
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Contractions (labor), lactation
Possible roles in sperm transport, emotional bonding |
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Posterior pituitary regulation achieved by
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Neuroendocrine reflexes (note that neurohyophysis is technically part of the brain), higher brain reflexes, hormonal control
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Thymus -- Location, function
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In mediastinum, superior to the heart; secretes hormones (thymopoietin, thymosins) that regulate development/activation of T-lymphocytes
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Age effects on the thymus
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Large in children, involutes after puberty
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Thyroid gland -- Location, structure, and function
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Anterior neck (wrapped around anterior and sides of trachea), two lobes connected by an isthmus, secretes TH and calcitonin
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Thyroid gland -- histological composition
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Follicles, areolar connective tissue; large colloid surrounded by follicle cells, parafollicle cells, areolar connective tissue (vascularized by capillary network)
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TH -- Name, function, produced by which cells
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Thyroid hormone affects most cells, large role in development, produced by follicle cells (cuboidal epithelium) of the thyroid gland
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Calcitonin -- function, produced by which cells
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Decrease blood concentration of Ca ions (promotes calcium deposition), produced by parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland
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TSH -- Name and function
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone keeps thyroid follicles active and secreting TH
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Parathyroid glands -- location, function
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Partially embedded in posterior thyroid gland, secretes PTH
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PTH -- Name, function, produced by which cells
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Parathyroid hormone increases blood concentration of calcium ions [increased release to blood (osteoclast stimulation)through absorption and bone resorption, decreased excretion through urine (stimulates calcitriol formation and secretion) and deposition to bone (osteoblast inhibition)], produced by parathyroid chief cells
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Parathyroid gland -- histology
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Chief cells + oxyphil cells (larger cytoplasm) vascularized and enclosed in a fibrous capsule
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Adrenal glands -- location, innervation, function
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Located at superior surface of kidneys, innervated by sympathetic ANS, secretes: E, NE, cortisol, DHEA, aldosterone
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Adrenal Glands -- Structure
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Cortex and medulla
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Histology and secretion at adrenal cortex
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From superficial to deep: Capusule, zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids, e.g. aldosterone), zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids, e.g. cortisol), zona reticularis (DHEA)
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Secretion at adrenal medulla
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E and NE
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Corticosteroid types
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Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids (androgen, estrogen)
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Mineralocorticoids -- function, produced by which cells
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Electrolyte balance regulation (e.g. sodium and potassium ions by aldosterone), produced at zona glomerulosa (just deep to capsule in the adrenal cortex)
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Glucocorticoids -- function, produced by which cells
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Stimulate fat + protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, release of FA and glucose to bllood, anti-inflammatory effects. Produced in the zona fasciculata (deep to zona glomulosa)
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Pineal gland -- location and function
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Roof of diencephalon. Produces seratonin during the day, melatonin at night.
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Melatonin -- function
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Regulates circadian rhythm and (possibly) puberty timing
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Pancreas -- location and function
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At posterior abdominal wall, secretion of enzymes and hormones
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Pancreas -- exocrine structures and function
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Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes to bile ducts (intercalated, interlobar...)
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Pancreas - endocrine structures and functions
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Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) are centers of endocrine activity. Beta cells secrete insulin; alpha cells secrete glucagon.
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Testes -- function
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Main source of sex hormones in males; androgen secretion (possibly testosterone)
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Andogen - function, produced by which cells
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Females: Converted to estrogen, secreted by theca folliculi
Males: Promote sperm formation and maintains secondary sex characteristics |
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Ovaries -- function
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Follicular granulosa cells convert androgen to estrogen, progesterone
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Estrogen -- function
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Maintains secondary sex characteristics
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Progesterone, estradiol -- function
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Prepares uterus for pregnancy, role in development of feminine physical traits, menstrual cycle regulation, prepare mammary glands for lactation
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Testes -- histology
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Interstitial cells (between seminiferous tubules) produce testosterone, estrogen
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Sertoli cells - function
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Secrete inhibin
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Ovary -- histology
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Granulosa cells (wall of ovarian follicle) produce estradiol during the first half of the menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum (follicle after ovulation) produces estradiol and progesterone |