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96 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Location of epinephrine, norepinephrine secretion
Suprarehttp://www.flashcardexchange.com/mycards/add/944308nal medulla
Location of dopamine secretion
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland secretes
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), prolactin (PRL), oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Function of ACTH
Stimulation of adrenal cortex for secretion of glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol); part of negative feedback loop.
Anterior Pituitary Secretes
ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, TSH, GH
Posterior pituitary secretes
Oxytocin, ADH
Hypothalamus function in endocrine system
Produces ADH, oxytocin, regulatory hormones
Pineal gland secretes
Melatonin
Parathyroid glands (location and function)
On posterior surface of thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Heart function in endocrine system
Monitors blood pressure; secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide
Thyroid gland secretes
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
Thymus secretes
Thymosins
Suprarenal glands secrete
Epinephrine (E), Norepipnephrine (NE), cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
Divisions of the suprarenal glands
Suprarenal medulla, suprerenal cortex
Suprarenal medulla secretes
Epinephrine (E), Norepinephrine (NE)
Suprarenal cortex secretes
Cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
Kidney secretes
Erythropoietin (EPO), calcitriol
Adipose tissue secretes
Leptin
Pancreatic islets secrete
Insulin, glucagon
Testes secrete
Androgens (esp. testosterone), inhibin
Ovaries secrete
Estrogens, progestins, inhibin
Basic hormone action pathway
Ductless glands secrete into blood; circulation through blood vessels until reaching specific target cells (selectivity for tissue type) -- single hormone may have different target cells with different effects
Hormone regulation occurs via
Feedback loops (+/-)
Three mechanisms of hormone release
Humoral -- blood concentrations
Neural -- nervous system stimulation
Hormonal -- hormones act as hormone stimulants/regulators
Types of hormone interaction (i.e. stimulation of single cell by multiple hormones have combined effects as one of these)
Synergistic -- additive
Permissive -- one encourages/activates the other
Antagonistic -- effects oppose one another
Exocrine v. endocrine glands
Exocrine have ducts and extracellular effects, whereas endocrine releases directly to tissue fluids and has intracellular effects
Chemicals that act both as neurotransmitters and hormones
NE, ADH, cholesystokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine
Hormones secreted by neuroendocrine cells
Oxytocin, catecholamines
Functions of the hypothalamus
Controls primitive drives (hunger, thirst, temperature); regulatory function (secretes releasing/inbhibitory hormones: TRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH, GHRH, PIH, Somatostatin)
TRH -- Name and function
Thryotropin-releasing hormone promotes secretion of TSH and PRL
CRH -- Name, site of secretion, and function
Corticotropin-releasing hormone, secreted at hypothalamus, promotes ACTH secretion
GnRH -- Name, site of secretion, and function
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, secreted at the hypothalamus, promotes secretion of FSH, LH
PRH - Name, site of secretion, and function
Prolactin-secreting hormone, secreted at hypothalamus, promotes secretion of PRL
GHRH - Name, site of secretion, and function
Growth hormone releasing hormone, secreted at the hypothalamus, promotes GH secretion
PIH - Name, site of secretion, and function
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, secreted at hypothalamus, inhibits PRL secretion
Somatostatin - Site of secretion, and function
Secreted at hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of GH, TSH
Major divisions of pituitary gland (and which contain which lobes?)
Adenohypophysis (contains anterior pituitary in the pars distalis), neurohypophysis (contains posterior pituitary in pars nervosa) (see endocrine slide 16)
Divisions of the adenohypophysis
Pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, pars distalis (see endocrine side 16)
Divisions of the neurohypophysis
Median eminence, infundibular stalk (suspends pituitary from hypothalamus), pars nervosa (see endocrine slide 16)
Location of hypohysis (=pituitary gland)
Sella turcica, in sphenoid bone
Histological distinction between anterior and posterior pituitary glands
Anterior is glandular tissue, whereas posterior is mostly neuroglia and fibres
Endocrine cells contained in the pars distalis (anterior pituitary)
Somatotropic cells, mammotropic cells, thyrotropic cells, corticotropic cells, gonadotropic cells
Somatotropic cells secrete
GH
GH secreted by which cells
Somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
Mammotropic cells secrete
PRL
PRL secreted by which cells
Mammotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
Thyrotropic cells secrete
TSH
TSH secreted by which cells
Thyrotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
Corticotropic cells secrete
ACTH, MSH
ACTH secreted by which cells
Corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
MSH secreted by
Corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
Gonadotropic cells secrete
FSH, LH
FSH secreted by which cells
Gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
LH secreted by which cells
Gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
Function of the posterior pituitary gland
Store and secrete OT, ADH (both produced in the hypothalamus)
Define: Tropic hormones
Stimulate release of other hormones in other endocrine glands
Function of FSH
Women: Stimulates egg and follicle growth/development + estrogen secretion

Men: stimulates sperm production
Function of LH
Women: Stimulates ovulation, progesterone/estrogen secretion at corpus luteum

Men: Stimulates testosterone secretion (via interstitial cells of testes)
Function of TSH
Stimulates thyroid gland growth/secretion of thyroid hormone (metabolic effects)
Function of ACTH
Stimulates secretion of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex, regulates stress response
Function of corticosteroids
Glucose regulation, metabolic (fat/protein)
Function of PRL
Women: Mammary gland stimulation, milk synthesis (post-partum) -- level increases during pregnancy, but effects are post-delivery

Men: increase testes sensitivity to LH; increased testosterone secretion
Function of GH
Promotes tissue growth (widespread) through mitosis/differentiation

Children: Bone, cartilage, muscle growth, esp. at epiphyseal plates

Adults: Bone thickness/structure via increased osteoblastic activity + appositional growth
Function of ADH
Targets kidneys for increased water retension + reduced urine output

Neurotransmitter
Function of oxytocin
Contractions (labor), lactation

Possible roles in sperm transport, emotional bonding
Posterior pituitary regulation achieved by
Neuroendocrine reflexes (note that neurohyophysis is technically part of the brain), higher brain reflexes, hormonal control
Thymus -- Location, function
In mediastinum, superior to the heart; secretes hormones (thymopoietin, thymosins) that regulate development/activation of T-lymphocytes
Age effects on the thymus
Large in children, involutes after puberty
Thyroid gland -- Location, structure, and function
Anterior neck (wrapped around anterior and sides of trachea), two lobes connected by an isthmus, secretes TH and calcitonin
Thyroid gland -- histological composition
Follicles, areolar connective tissue; large colloid surrounded by follicle cells, parafollicle cells, areolar connective tissue (vascularized by capillary network)
TH -- Name, function, produced by which cells
Thyroid hormone affects most cells, large role in development, produced by follicle cells (cuboidal epithelium) of the thyroid gland
Calcitonin -- function, produced by which cells
Decrease blood concentration of Ca ions (promotes calcium deposition), produced by parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland
TSH -- Name and function
Thyroid-stimulating hormone keeps thyroid follicles active and secreting TH
Parathyroid glands -- location, function
Partially embedded in posterior thyroid gland, secretes PTH
PTH -- Name, function, produced by which cells
Parathyroid hormone increases blood concentration of calcium ions [increased release to blood (osteoclast stimulation)through absorption and bone resorption, decreased excretion through urine (stimulates calcitriol formation and secretion) and deposition to bone (osteoblast inhibition)], produced by parathyroid chief cells
Parathyroid gland -- histology
Chief cells + oxyphil cells (larger cytoplasm) vascularized and enclosed in a fibrous capsule
Adrenal glands -- location, innervation, function
Located at superior surface of kidneys, innervated by sympathetic ANS, secretes: E, NE, cortisol, DHEA, aldosterone
Adrenal Glands -- Structure
Cortex and medulla
Histology and secretion at adrenal cortex
From superficial to deep: Capusule, zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids, e.g. aldosterone), zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids, e.g. cortisol), zona reticularis (DHEA)
Secretion at adrenal medulla
E and NE
Corticosteroid types
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids (androgen, estrogen)
Mineralocorticoids -- function, produced by which cells
Electrolyte balance regulation (e.g. sodium and potassium ions by aldosterone), produced at zona glomerulosa (just deep to capsule in the adrenal cortex)
Glucocorticoids -- function, produced by which cells
Stimulate fat + protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, release of FA and glucose to bllood, anti-inflammatory effects. Produced in the zona fasciculata (deep to zona glomulosa)
Pineal gland -- location and function
Roof of diencephalon. Produces seratonin during the day, melatonin at night.
Melatonin -- function
Regulates circadian rhythm and (possibly) puberty timing
Pancreas -- location and function
At posterior abdominal wall, secretion of enzymes and hormones
Pancreas -- exocrine structures and function
Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes to bile ducts (intercalated, interlobar...)
Pancreas - endocrine structures and functions
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) are centers of endocrine activity. Beta cells secrete insulin; alpha cells secrete glucagon.
Testes -- function
Main source of sex hormones in males; androgen secretion (possibly testosterone)
Andogen - function, produced by which cells
Females: Converted to estrogen, secreted by theca folliculi

Males: Promote sperm formation and maintains secondary sex characteristics
Ovaries -- function
Follicular granulosa cells convert androgen to estrogen, progesterone
Estrogen -- function
Maintains secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone, estradiol -- function
Prepares uterus for pregnancy, role in development of feminine physical traits, menstrual cycle regulation, prepare mammary glands for lactation
Testes -- histology
Interstitial cells (between seminiferous tubules) produce testosterone, estrogen
Sertoli cells - function
Secrete inhibin
Ovary -- histology
Granulosa cells (wall of ovarian follicle) produce estradiol during the first half of the menstrual cycle

Corpus luteum (follicle after ovulation) produces estradiol and progesterone