Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
NS and Endocrine system are ___ and the ES works closely with ___ to maintain ____. |
- 2 major systems of internal communication -NS, homeostasis |
|
|
Endocrine system controls: |
- metabolism - growth -reproduction - blood glucose - Sodium -Potassium - Calcium -water - coping with stress |
|
|
Endocrine glands |
- ductless glands - highly vascularized so hormone is picked up by the blood vessels & transported by BV |
|
|
Exocrine glands |
-have ducts (tubes) Include: - salivary - oil - sweat glands - most of pancreas |
|
|
What are 4 types of chemical signals: |
- Hormones secreted endocrine glands - Hormones secreted by neurons - Local regulators - Pheromones |
|
|
Hormones secreted from endocrine glands |
Hormones have receptors in their cell membranes |
|
|
Hormones secreted by neurons |
-Epinephrine - ADH - oxytocin -most invertebrate hormones |
|
|
Local regulators |
Chemical messengers from individual cells - prostaglandins (many different functions= vasodilation, increase/ descrease BP, blood clotting, pain, etc) |
|
|
What medication blocks the action of an enzyme involved in prostaglandin formation?
|
Aspirin and Ibuprofen |
|
|
Other local regulators include: |
-Neurotransmitters -Histamine -Interleukins -Growth factors |
|
|
Pheromones |
Produced by exocrine glands and not really hormones -enable animals to communicate of same species -synchronizes menstrual cycles in humans |
|
|
Chemical nature of hormones |
- Amino acid derived hormones - Steroids - lipids (Prostaglandins) |
|
|
Amino acid derived hormones |
Includes most of hormones from the - pituitary - Parathyroid - Thyroid - Pancreas - Adrenal medulla Polar molecules and soluble in water |
|
|
Steroids |
Synethisized from cholesterol from -adrenal cortex - gonads Non polar and non soluble in water |
|
|
Lipids (Prostaglandins) |
Synthesized from fatty acids in cells with damaged cell membranes - All cells except RBC can produce prostaglandins Nonpolar and non soluble in water |
|
|
Mechanism of Hormone Action |
On certain target cells - Direct gene activation - Second messenger system |
|
|
Direct Gene activation |
- Mode of action for adrenal cortex, sex steroid hormones & Thyroxine steroids since lipids are soluble in cell membranes. - Thyroxine passes through membrane to receptors in the nucleus of target cells - hormone binds to a receptor and activates DNA transcription and further RNA translation |
|
|
What is the main effect of direct gene activation? |
Synthesis of protein |
|
|
Second Messenger system
|
All water soluble hormones (aa) exert effect thru this system - most important is cAMP system |
|
|
First messenger is ____ and second is ____ and they are ____. |
Hormone, cAMP, receptors on cell membrane |
|
|
What happens when the hormone binds to receptors in the cell membrane? |
It activates adenyl cyclase (membrane bound enzyme) |
|
|
ATP--> adenyl cyclase--> cAMP--> enzyme activation & cellular secrections |
|
|
|
What is the main effect of 2nd messenger system? |
-Enzyme activation - cellular secretions |
|
|
Regulation of hormone secretion |
By negative feedback system -the response of hormones actions inhibits the production or more hormone - response negative to stimulus |
|
|
Pituitary Gland is controlled by ______ and is connected by the ______ |
Hypothalamus, infundibulum |
|
|
Anterior Pituitary is controlled via ____ by release inhibiting hormones from the _____ which travel thru the ____ vein to the _____ ______. |
Portal vein, hypothalamus, portal, anterior pituitary
|
|
|
What is a tropic hormone & what are the 5 types? |
Hormones that regulate other endocrine glands - TSH - ACTH - Gonadotropic Hormones - Prolactin - GH |
|
|
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) |
Stimulates secretion of thryoid hormones (thyroxine) |
|
|
ACTH
( Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) |
Stimulates adrenal cortex, especially glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
|
|
Gonadotropic Hormones (FSH and LH) |
FSH= stimulate follices in ovary LH= stimulate CL in ovary |
|
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates milk production from mammary gland (non tropic hormone) |
|
|
GH (Growth Hormone) |
Major targets -bone -skeleton -Stim. growth by promoting protein synthesis by uptake of amino acids from blood to synchronize growth in bones and skeletal muslces |
|
|
Hyposecretion |
Dwarf |
|
|
Hypersecretion |
Gigantism |
|
|
Posterior Pituitary |
Hormones are produced by neurons in hypothalamus |
|
|
Oxytocin |
Stim. smooth muscle in uterus to contract when cervix is dilated Positive feedback mechanism |
|
|
ADH |
Decreases urine by increasing water reabsorption from kidney tubules. -Osomoreceptors in hypothalamus detect decrease in water in blood and stim. release of ADH |
|
|
Thryoid Gland |
Just below the pharnyx (butterfly shaped) -Thyroxine - Calcitonin |
|
|
Thyroxine |
2 tyrosines + 4 iodine atoms -controlled by TSH - controls normal growth - receptor for thryoxine is in nucleus of cells - increases metabolic rate - increases cell resp. |
|
|
Goiter |
abnormal enlargement of thryoid |
|
|
Cretinism |
Hyposecrection in fetal life or infancy -severely compromised phyiscal/mental development |
|
|
Calcitonin
|
Decreases Ca++ levels in blood by increasing Ca++ absorption into bone |
|
|
Parathyroid gland |
Not under pituitary control -Parathyroid hormone increases Ca++ levels in blood |
|
|
What does the body signal when responding to stress? |
Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla |
|
|
Adrenal cortex and its 3 layers |
Steroid Hormones (True endocrine gland) controlled by hypothalamus - Outer layer - Middle Layer - Inner layer |
|
|
Hypothalamus is the ____ of the _____ |
director, stress response |
|
|
Outer Layer (Small Zone) |
Mineralocorticoids--aldosterone Overall effect: -Increases Na return blood into kidney tubules (Increase in BP because water follows) - K+ to be excreted into urine ( regulates Na and K balance) |
|
|
Middle Layer (Large zone) |
Under control of ACTH - releases glucocorticoids, which cortisol is most potent cortisol provides resistance to long term stress |
|
|
Glucocorticoids |
Augments glucagon from pancreas - converts amino acids to glucose -stored as glycogen in liver & skeletal muscle - mobilizes fats so fatty acids available for cell respiration |
|
|
Cortisone at high levels
|
-antiinflammatory by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins - Deceases WBC |
|
|
Inner layer (Smallest zone) |
Secrets sex hormones |
|
|
Adrenal Medulla
|
"knot" in nervous tissue of sympathetic NS -Involved in short term, immediate stress by secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood. - prolongs and auguments action of sympathetic response |
|
|
Tyrosine--> Dopa--> Dopamine--> norepinephrine--> Epinephrine |
|
|
|
___ of pancrease is endocrine and is known as ___ of _____.
|
2%, Islets of Langerhans |
|
|
___ of the pancrease is exocrine |
98% |
|
|
Insulin |
Decreases glucose in blood by enabling glucose to move into cells - secreted from B cells of islets of langerhans - needed to move glucose into the cells of skeletal muscle and adipose cells |
