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37 Cards in this Set

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What does the Endocrine system do?

Endocrine glands release hormones into interstitual fliud, which makes it's way to the blood. Travels through the blood.

What does the Exocrine system do?

Exocrine glands release chemicals into ducts. Travels through ducts.

If chemicals travel through ducts what is the system called?

Exocrine

If chemicals travel through the blood, what is the system called?

Endocrine

What is homeostasis in relation to this unit?

Slight changes in the bodies internal environment are corrected so that the body remains in a steady state.

What system is is fast to respond, but has a short length of responding?

Nervous System

What system is slower to respond, but has a longer response time?

Endocrine

What maintains homeostasis?

Feedback Loops

What are the three things that work when there is a change in the bodies internal environment?

Receptor- detects change (blood sugar, temp)


Control center- integrates a response


Effector- causes a response (insulin is low so tells hands to generate insulin)

Explain Negative Feedback loops

**Causes opposite response and allows us to maintain homeostasis**


(ex. get too hot, you sweat. get too cold, you shiver)



What happens when your blood sugar drops ?(Negative feedback loop)

Blood sugar lowers, Glucagon is released, which slows the conversion of sugar being stored in the cells, which causes blood sugar to raise, which causes it to return to normal

What happens when your blood sugar increases? (negative feedback loops)

Blood sugar increases, Insulin releases, which speeds up the conversion of sugar being stored in cells, which causes blood sugar to lower and eventually return to normal

Explain positive feedback loops

**Doesn't happen often and prevents homeostasis by amplifying the change in the bodies internal environment**

Examples of when you do want a positive feedback to occur

Oxycotin is released during childbirth because the farther away the cervix gets from homeostasis, the easier it is for baby to come out. More oxycotin, larger cervix, which makes stronger contractions= baby

What are hormones? (lots of info)

-Chemicals that participate in cell-to-cell communication (like how the body naturally 'texts')


-Within/to other organisms


-**Hormone produced in one part of body can affect cell in another part of the body**


**Only small amounts are needed to cause a response**



Hormones that affect many different cells are?

Non-Target hormones

Give an example of a non-target hormone and explain what it does

When insulin is released, it goes into the blood, which goes all throughout the body. This hormone goes everywhere and affects everything. Blood sugar, urine, etc

What is a target hormone?

-hormone that affects specific areas and types of cells


-Exocrine system is an example because that system is certain glands producing hormones that travel through specific ducts and communicate to certain things. Not the entire body.

Tropic hormones

-affects other ENDOCRINE glands


-Pituitary gland = master endocrine gland


(ex. goes through blood and affects thyroid)

What are the two ways hormones work?

Non-soluble hormones (fat soluble) and water soluble

Explain the two ways hormones work

Non soluble/ fat soluble go into the cell by passing the PLB. Since the PLB is made up lipids, the hormone can essentially glide right in and bond to a receptor in a cell.


Ex. Steroids


Water soluble hormones aren't permeable to the lipids in the PLB so they have to bind to receptors on the membrane/surface of the cell

Hypothalamus (in relation to this unit)

Main integrating center.


controls endocrine response

Pituitary gland

-small organ that sits below the hypothalamus


-highly vascularized


-made up of two parts called the anterior and posterior

Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)

-Originates as a part of the roof of the mouth


-The hypo. can only communicate to the A.P.G through releasing hormones


Ex. THS, ACTH, Prolactin, FHS, LH, HGH, MSH

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

-Extension of the hypothalamus, cells within the hypo. are continuous with the neurohypophysis.


-Hormones produced in the hypo. are released from the P.P.G


ex. Oxytocin, ADH

What hormones affect your sugar metabolism?

Insulin and Glucagon

How does insulin affect sugar metabolism?

Insulin is produced in the pancreas by a specialized structure called The Islets of Langerhans (these release the hormone directly into the blood)


-Beta cells produce this


***If BS levels increase, insulin is released, insulin increases permeability to glucose, glucose moves into the cell and gets converted to glycogen**

Glucagon + sugar metabolism?

-Islets of Langerhans release this


-alpha cells release this


**-When released, hydrolysis occurs which converts glycogen back into glucose***

Explain a normal day in relation to BS levels

-Normal day consists of both insulin and glycogen being released


-digestion causes BS to increase


exercise/ not eating causes Glycogen to be released

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar levels

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar levels

Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)

-converts proteins and lipids into glucose



Examples of glucocorticoids

-Cortisol (stress hormone/ produced in the adrenal gland which sits on kidney)



Adrenal gland

-sits on kidney


-two parts: Medulla and cortex


medulla is inside part


cortex is outside part

Example of a negative feedback loop involving cortisol

1-Stress//weight gain


2-Hypothalamus


3-Communicates to Anterior pituitary gland through releasing hormones


4-ACTH is released (Adrenal cortisol tropic hormone)


5-Adrenal Cortex


6-Cortisol is released from A.C


7-Cortisol acts on body cells


8-This increases BS levels which will inhibit the hypo. from communicating to A.P.G

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

-both produced in the adrenal medulla


-medulla's derived from cells of the NS


-Released as a result from symp. NS (respiration/heart rate= increased glucose levels)


-both flight or fight



Difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Epinephrine= affects heart rate and metabolism


Norepinephrine= affects BS, how fast heart pumps, how cells convert sugar into ATP.