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257 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adrenal cortex releases these types of hormones.
specifically these hormones |
glucocorticoids
cortisol, cortisone |
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cortisol does this
NOT DONE |
glucose regulation and protein metabolism
raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown |
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cortisone does this
NOT DONE |
glucose regulation and protein metabolism
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the adrenal medulla produces
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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epinephrine and norepinephrine are
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catecholamines
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epinephrine does this
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increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue, causing an increae in blood glucose levels and an increae in the basal metabolic rate.
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epinephrine is also known as
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adrenaline
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norepinephrine is also known as
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noradrenaline
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this increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver and muscle tissue
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epinephrine
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this causes an increase in blood glucose levels and an increase in the basal metabolic rate
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epinephrine
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This increases the rate and strength of the heartbeat and change the shape of blood vessels to increase blood supply to skeletal muscles heart and brain while decreasing supply to kidneys skin and digestive tract
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Promote the release of lipids by adipose tissue
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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The affects of epinephrine and norepinephrine are known as
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the fight or flight response
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this inhibits digestion and other vegetative functions
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epinephrine
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epinephrine and norepinephrine are released during sympathetic nervous stimulation making them ____
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neurotransmitters
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the pituitary gland is also known as
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hypophysis
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the hypophysis is also known as the
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pituitary gland
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the hypophysis is connected to the hypothalamus by _____
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infundibulum
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the anterior pituitary synthesizes:
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growth hormone (GH, somatotropin)
prolactin adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) luteinizing hormone(LH) follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH) |
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the direct hormones of the anterior pituitary are
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growth hormone and prolactin
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the infundibulum connects
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hypothalamus and pituitary
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these are the direct hormones of the anterior pituitary
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growth hormone (GH, somatotropin)
prolactin |
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these are the tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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growth hormone is also known as
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somatotropin
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somatotropin is also known as
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growth hormone
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this promotes bone and muscle growth
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growth hormone
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this promotes protein synthesis and lipid mobilization and catabolism
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growth hormone
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irregular levels of this in children can result in dwarfism or gigantism
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somatotropin
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overproduction of this in adults can cause acromegaly
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somatotropin
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this is a disproportionate overgrowth of bone, localized especially in the jaw, skull feet and hands
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acromegaly
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this stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands
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prolactin
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the posterior pituitary synthesizes these hormones
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it does not synthesize hormones. it stores and releases them
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These are released by the posterior pituitary
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oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
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oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are released by
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the posterior pituitary
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vasopressin is also known as
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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oxytocin and ADH are produced by
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hypothalamus
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these are released from the pituitary but secretion is stimulated by the hypothalamus
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oxytocin and vasopressin
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oxytocin and vasopressin are released from the ______ but secretion is stimulated by the ______
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pituitary, hypothalamus
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oxytocin is secreted during
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childbirth and tit suckling
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this increases the strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions
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oxytocin
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suckling induces the secretion of this
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oxytocin
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this stimulates milk secretion in mammary glands
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oxytocin
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ADH increases ____
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the permeability of the nephron's collecting duct to water.
What is a nephron? What does this increase result in? |
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ADH increases the permeability of the nephron's collecting duct to water. What does this result in?
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raised blood pressure
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When is ADH secreted?
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when plasma osmolarity increases
When blood volume decreases. |
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ADH is secreted when plasma osmolarity increases. How does the body know when to do this?
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Sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
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ADH is secreted when blood volume decreases. How does the body know when to do this?
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Sensed by baroreceptors in the circulatory system.
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Wheno plasma osmolarity increases, _____.
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vasopressin is secreted
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When blood volume decreases, _______.
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vasopressin is secreted
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The hypothalamus is located directly above the _____.
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pituitary gland
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The pituitary gland is located directly below the _____.
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hypothalamus
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This looks like a ballsack.
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Pituitary gland
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This is located just above the ballsack.
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hypothalamus
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This receives neural transmissions from other parts of the brain and from peripheral nerves that trigger specific responses from its _________.
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Hypothalamus
neurosecretory cells |
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These regulate pituitary gland secretions via negative feedback mechanisms and through the actions of inhibiting and releasing hormones.
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neurosecretory cells
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Neurosecretory cells regulate _____.
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pituitary gland secretions
How do they do this? |
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Neurosecretory cells regulate pituitary gland secretions via ____.
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negative feedback mechanisms and through the actions of inhibiting and relesing hormones.
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Hypothalamic releasing hormones do this
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stimulate or inhibit secretions of the anterior pituitary
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) does this
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stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
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This stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
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GnRH
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Releasing hormones are secreted into the _______.
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hyppothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
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Blood from a capillary bed in this flows through a portal vein into the anterior pituitary.
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hypothalamus
This happens so that ____ |
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Blood from a capillary bed in the hypothalamus flows through a portal vein into the _______.
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anterior pituitary
This happens so that ____ |
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Blood from a capillary bed in the hypothalamus flows through this to get to the anterior pituitary.
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a portal vein
This happens so that ____ |
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Blood from a capillary bed in the hypothalamus flows through a portal vein to get to the anterior pituitary, where it deverges into a second capillary network. This happens so that _____.
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releasing hormones immediately reach the anterior pituitary
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__________ in the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin and ADH and transport them via their axons into the posterior pituitary for storage and secretion.
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neurosecretory cells
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Neurosecretory cells in the _________ synthesize oxytocin and ADH and transport them via their axons into the posterior pituitary for storage and secretion.
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hypothalamus
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Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin and ADH and transport them to _______.
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the posterior-pituitary
How does it get there? |
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How does oxytocin and ADH get transported to the posterior pituitary?
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through their axons
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The thyroid is important in both children and adults? How in each
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children - are essential for growth and development
adult - essential for maintenance of metabolic stability |
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These are the thyroid hormones
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thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3) |
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These are formed on the glycoprotein thyroglobulin
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ghyroxine and triiodothyronine
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Thyroxine and triiodtothyronine are formed on the ________
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glycoprotein thyroglobulin
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This is synthesized in the thyroid cell.
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glycoprotein thyroglobulin
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T3 is five times more potent than _____.
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T4
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T3 and %4 are transported in the blood by the proteins _____.
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TBG, TBPA, Albumin
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Approximately 99.5% of these hormones are transported and bound to the proteins TBG, TBPA, Albumin.
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T3 and T4
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T3 is also known as
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triiodothyronine
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T4 is also known as
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thyroxine
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thyroxine is also known as
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T4
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triiodothyronine is also known as
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T3
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Only an unbound hormone is able to ___________
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enter a cell and elicit a cellular response
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Only _______ hormones are able to enter a cell and elicit a cellular response.
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unbound
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All _____ in the body is formed and secreted by the thyroid gland.
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T4
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20% of ______ is produced by the thyroid gland.
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T3
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_____ of the T4 in the body is formed and secreted by the thyroid gland.
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All
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_____ of the T3 in the body is formed and secreted by the thyroid gland.
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20%
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Majority of T3 in the body is produced by the conversion of ______ by the enzyme 5'--monodeiodase found primarily in the peripheral tissues.
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T4 to T3
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The majority of _______ is produced by the conversion of T4 by the enzyme 5'--monodeiodase.
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T3
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5'--monodeiodase does this
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converts T4 to T3
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5'--monodeiodase is found primarily here
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peripheral tissues
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T4 and T3 are derived from _______
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the iodination of the amino acid tyrosine
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tyrosine goes through iodination to form
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T4 and T3
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T4 and T3 increase the rate of this throughout the body
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metabolism
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T4 and T3 _____ the rate of metabolism throughout the body.
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increase
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These increase the rate of metabolism throughout the body.
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T4 and T3
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hypothyroidism is
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when thyroid hormones are undersecreted or not secreted at all
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this is the name for when thyroid hormones are undersecreted or not secreted at all
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hypothyroidism
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common symptoms of hypothyroidism
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slowed heart and respiratory rate, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain
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hypothyroidism in newborn infants is called
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cretinism
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common symptoms of hyperthyroidism
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increased metabolic rate, feelings of excessive warmth, profuse sweating, palpitations, weight loss, protruding eyes
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cretenism is characterized by
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mental retardation and short stature
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mental retardation and short stature in a person could be the result of
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cretinism
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cretinism results from
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hypothyroidism in newborns
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hyperthyroidism is
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when the thyroid is overstimulated resulting in the oversecretion of thyroid hormones
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this occurs when the thyroid is overstimulated resulting in the oversecretion of thyroig hormones
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hyperthyroidism
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These symptoms are signs of what. Increased metabolic rate, feelings of excessive warmth, profuse sweating, palpitations, weight loss, protruding eyes
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hyperthyroidism
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These symptoms are signs of what? Slowed heart and respiratory rate, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain
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hypothryroidism
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In both of these disorders the thyroid often enlarges forming a neck bulge or goiter.
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hypo/hyperthyroidism
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In both hypo/hyperthyroidism, the thyroid often _________.
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enlarges, forming a neck bulge/goiter
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Calcitonin decreases ______
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plasma Ca2+ concentration
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Calcitonin decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by ______
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inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from bone.
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This decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from bone.
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calcitonin
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Calcitonin secretion is regulated by _____
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plasma Ca2+ levels
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______ secretion is regulated by plasma Ca2+ levels.
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calcitonin
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Calcitonin is _____ to the parathyroid hormone.
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antagonistic
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______ is antagonistic to the parathyroid hormone.
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calcitonin
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Calcitonin is antagonistic to _______.
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parathyroid hormone
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What kind of organ is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine
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both
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The _____ function of the pancreas is performed by the cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine via a series of ducts.
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exocrine
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The exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by
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the cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine via a series of ducts.
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The exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by cells that secrete
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digestive enzymes into the small intestine
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The exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by the cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine via ______
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a series of ducts
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The endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by small glandular structures called
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the islets of Langerhans
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The endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by
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mall glandular structures called islets of Langerhans
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The ____ function of the pancreas is performed by small glandular structures called the islets of Langerhans
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endocrine
|
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The islets of langerhans are composed of
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alpha and beta cells
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The islets of langerhans are found in
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the pancreas
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Alpha cells of the islets of langerhans do this
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produce and secrete glucagon
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Beta cells of the islets of langerhans do this
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produce and secrete insulin
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produce and secrete glucagon
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alpha cells of islets of langerhans
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produce and secrete insulin
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beta cells of islets of langerhans
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Glucagon stimulates
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protein and fat degradation, the conversion of glycogen to glucose and gluconeogenesis.
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Glucagon increases
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blood glucose levels
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Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by
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stimulating protein and fat degradation, the conversion of glycogen to glucose and gluconeogenesis.
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This increases blood glucose levels
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glucagon
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This stimulates protein and fat degradation, the conversion of glycogen to glucose and gluconeogenesis.
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glucagon
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Glucagon is antagonistic to
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insulin
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Insulin is antagonistic to
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glucagon, cortisol, cortisone
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Parathyroid hormone is antagonistic to
|
calcitonin
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_____ is a protein hormone secreted in response to a high blood glucose concentration
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Insulin
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_____ stimulates the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells.
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insulin
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This stimulates the storage of glucose in muscle and liver cells.
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insulin
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insulin stimulates
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the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells and the storage of glucose in muscle and liver cells. Also the synthesis of fats from glucose and the uptake of amino acids
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This stimulates the synthesis of fats from glucose and the uptake of amino acids
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insulin
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10% of diabetics are Type ____
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I
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90% of diabetics are Type ____
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II
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___ of diabetics are Type I
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10%
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___ of diabetics are Type II
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90%
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The age onset of type I diabetes is usually
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<30
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The age onset of type II diabetes is usually
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>30
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The pathogenesis of Type I diabetes is
|
-presence of islet cell antibodies.
-autoimmune response |
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The pathogenesis of Type II diabetes is
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-decreased insulin secretion
-resistance to insulin -hepatic glucose production |
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With Type ___ diabetes there is usually no plasma insulin.
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I
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With Type ___ diabetes there is an etiology dependent low, normal or high level of plasma insulin.
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II
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With Type I diabetes there is ____ plasma insulin.
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usually no
|
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With Type II diabetes there is ____ plasma insulin.
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low, normal or high levels of
etiology dependent |
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There is ____ family history in Type I Diabetes.
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usually no
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There is ____ family history in Type II Diabetes.
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strong
|
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There is strong family history in Type ___ Diabetes.
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II
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There is usually no family history in Type ___ Diabetes.
|
I
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Obesity is ____ in Type I diabetes.
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Uncommon
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Obesity is ____ in Type II diabetes.
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Common
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Obesity is common in Type ____ diabetes.
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II
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Obesity is uncommon in Type ____ diabetes.
|
I
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_____ is the most common endocrine disorder.
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Diabetes
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Underproduction of insulin or an insensitivity to insulin leads to
|
diabetes mellitus
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Glucocorticoids are an antagonist of _____
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Insulin
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Cortisol is an antagonist of ____
|
Insulin
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Cortisone is an antagonist of ____
|
Insulin
|
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This leads to diabetes mellitus
|
Underproduction of insulin
insensitivity to insulin |
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Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
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hyperglycemia
|
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This disease is characterized by hyperglycemia.
|
Diabetes mellitus
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Diabetes affects these
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eyes, nerves, kidneys and blood vessels
|
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These are four small pea-shaped structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid.
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parathyroid glands
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These are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid.
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parathyroid glands
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Parathyroid glands are embedded in the ______ of the thyroid.
|
posterior surface
|
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These glands synthesize and secrete PTH
|
parathyroid glands
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Parathyoroid glands synthesize and secrete this
|
PTH
|
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PTH raises
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plasma Ca2+ concentration
|
|
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___ raises plasma Ca2+ concentration in the blood by stimulating Ca2+ release from the bone and decreasing Ca2+ secretion in the kidneys
|
PTH
|
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PTH does this
|
raises plasma Ca2+ concentration
|
|
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PTH raises Ca2+ concentration in the blood by _____
|
stimulating Ca2+ release from the bone and decreasing Ca2+ secretion in the kidneys
|
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Calcium in the bone is bonded to ____
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phosphate
|
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___ in the bone is bonded to phosphate.
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Calcium
|
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This raises Ca2+ concentration in the blood
|
PTH
|
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Breakdown of the bone releases ____
|
phosphate and calcium
|
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_____ compensates for the breakdown of bone into phosphate and calcium.
|
PTH
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PTH compensates for the breakdown of bone into ______.
|
phosphate and calcium
|
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_____ synthesize and secrete hormones directly in the the circulatory system
|
endocrine glands
|
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_____ secrete hormones that are transported by ducts.
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exocrine glands
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PTH compensates for the breakdown of bone in to phosphate and calcium by ____
|
stimulating the excretion of phosphate by the kidneys
|
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When ____ the kidneys produce renin.
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blood volume drops
|
|
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When blood volume drops the kidneys produce ____
|
renin
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The ____ produce renin when blood volume drops
|
kidneys
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Renin is an enzyme that does this
|
converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
|
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After angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II, the adrenal cortex is stimulated to secrete ____
|
aldosterone
|
|
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Kidneys produce
|
erythropoietin(EPO) and renin
|
|
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Aldosterone helps to do this
It does it by doing this Which results in |
restore blood volume
increasing sodium reabsorption at the kidney an increase in water |
|
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____ helps restore blood volume by increasing sodium reabsorption at the kidney, leading to an increase in water
|
aldosterone
|
|
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EPO is a
|
glycoprotein
|
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EPO stimulates
|
RBC production
|
|
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EPO stands for
|
eryhtropoietin
|
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____ stimulates RBC production
|
EPO
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EPO stimulates stem cells to
|
differentiate into rubriblasts
|
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____ increases the rate of mitosis
|
EPO
|
|
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____ increases the release of reticulocytes from the bone marrow.
|
EPO
|
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____ increases hemoglobin formation which allows the critical hemoglobin concentration necessary for maturity to be reached at a more rapid rate.
|
EPO
|
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___ stimulates stem cells to differentiate into rubriblasts
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EPO
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EPO ____ the rate of mitosis
|
increases
|
|
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EPO ____ the release of reticulocytes from the bone marrow.
|
increases
|
|
|
EPO ____ hemoglobin formation which allows the critical hemoglobin concentration necessary for maturity to be reached at a more rapid rate.
|
increases
|
|
|
Ingested food stimulates the stomach to release the hormone ____
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gastrin
|
|
|
This stimulates the stomach to release the hormone gastrin.
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ingested food
|
|
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Ingested food stimulates the ____ to release the hormone gastrin.
|
stomach
|
|
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____ is carried to the gastric glands and stimulates them to secrete HCl
|
gastrin
|
|
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This is released by the small intestine when acidic food enters from the stomach.
|
secretin
|
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Secretin is released by _____
|
the small intestine
|
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Secretin is released by the small intestine when
|
acidic food enters from the stomach
|
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Secretin stimulates the secretion of
|
an alkaline bicarbonate solution from the pancreas
|
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Secretin stimulates the secretion of an alkaline bicarbonate solution from
|
the pancreas
|
|
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The alkaline bicarbonate solution does this
|
neutralizing the acidity of the chyme
|
|
|
This is released from the small intestine in response to the presence of fats
|
cholecystokinin
|
|
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Cholecystokinin is released from this
|
small intestine
|
|
|
Cholecystokinin is released from the small intestine in the response to
|
fats
|
|
|
This causes the contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the small intestine
|
Cholecystokinin
|
|
|
Cholecystokinin causes
|
the contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the small intestine
|
|
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Bile breaks down ___
|
fats
|
|
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This breaks down fats
|
bile
|
|
|
The pineal gland secretes
|
melatonin
|
|
|
This secretes melatonin
|
pineal gland
|
|
|
Melatonin secretion is regulated by
|
light and dark cycles in the environment
|
|
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_____ secretion is regulated by light and dark cycles in the environment
|
melatonin
|
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Melatonin is an antagonist to
|
MSH
|
|
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MSH is an antagonist to
|
melatonin
|
|
|
Hormones are classified on the basis of their chemical structure into two major groups:
|
peptide hormones
steroid hormones |
|
|
There are two ways hormones affect the activities of their target cells:
|
via extracellular receptors or intracellular receptors
|
|
|
cAMP is
|
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
|
|
|
cAMP acts as a
|
second messenger
|
|
|
A second messenger does this
|
relays messages from the extracellular peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes
|
|
|
cAMP is inactivated by
|
phosphodiesterase
|
|
|
This is inactivated by phosphodiesterase
|
cAMP
|
|
|
Insulin is this type of hormone
|
complex polypeptide
|
|
|
ADH is this type of hormone
|
simple short peptide (amino acid chain)
|
|
|
Estrogen is this type of hormone
|
steroid
|
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Aldosterone is this type of hormone
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steroid
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These belong to a class of lipid-derived molecules with a characteristic ring structure
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steroids
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These are produced by the testes, ovaries, placenta and adrenal cortex
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steroids
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Steroids are produced by
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testes, ovaries, placenta, adrenal cortex
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Steroids are ____ soluble
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lipid
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Because they are lipid soluble, ____ enter their target cells directly and bind to specific receptor proteins in the cytoplasm
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steroids
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Because they are lipid soluble, steroids ______
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enter their target cells directly
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After they enter the target cells, steroids bind to
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specific receptor proteins in the cytoplasm
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The receptor-hormone complex made from the protein receptor and steroid hormone enters the nucleus and _____
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directly activates the expression of specific genes by binding to receptors on the chromatin
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The receptor-hormone complex made from the protein receptor and steroid hormone enters the _____ and directly activates the expression of specific genes by binding to receptors on the chromatin
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nucleus
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The receptor-hormone complex made from the protein receptor and steroid hormone enters the nucleus and directly activates the expression of specific genes by binding to ____
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receptors on the chromatin
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When the steroid-hormone complex enters the nucleus and binds to receptors on the chromatin it induces this
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change in mRNA transcription and protein synthesis
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