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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 2 portions of the pituitary gland? |
posterior pituitary gland and anterior pituitary gland.
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what is the endocrine system?
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endocrine glands that secrete chemicals called hormones.
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what does the endocrine system do?
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regulate growth, reproduction, resistance to stress, use of foods to produce energy, pH of body fluids, and fluid balance.
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name 3 classifications of hormones?
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amines, proteins, steriods.
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what are proteins?
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chains of amino acids
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give an example of a protein
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insulin
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what are amines?
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structural variations of the amino acid tyrosine.
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give an example of an amine
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epinephrine
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what are steroids?
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hormones with cholesterol as the precursor.
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give an example of a steroid
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estrogen
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what do the cells of endocrine glands do?
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they respond to changes in the blood or other hormones in the blood.
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what does changes in blood do?
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changes in blood or hormones in the blood are stimuli that the cells use to increase or decrease secretion of their own hormones. (hormonal negative feedback mechanism).
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what does the posterior gland do?
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it stores antidiuretic.hormone(adh) and oxytocin until they are needed, then releases them.
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what are ADH. and oxytocin made?
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in the hypothalamus
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what does the anterior pituitary gland do?
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regulate many body functions, including releases growth hormone, release thyroid stimulating hormone, release adrenocorticotropic hormone, regulation of prolactin, regulation of follicle stimulating hormone, regulation of lutenizing. hormone (lh).
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what does lutenizing hormone do?
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it is responsible for ovulation release of mature egg from follicle, also secretes testosterone in men.
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what does the thyroid gland do?
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it produces thyroxine (t4), triodothyronine (t3), and calcitonin.
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what do thyroxine (t4) and triodothyronine (t3) do?
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they regulate energy production and protein synthesis
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what does the regulation of energy production and protein synthesis do?
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it contributes to body growth and normal body function.
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what do thyroxine (t4) and triodothyronine (t3) increase?
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they increase cell respiration of all food types (carbs, fats, excess amino acids).
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what is the result of increased cell respiration?
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increased production of energy and heat.
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what else do T3 and T4 increase?
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they increase the rate of protein synthesis within cells.
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T3 and T4 are essential for what?
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they are essential for the functioning of the brain, muscles, bones, viscera, and reproductive system.
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what regulates the secretion of T3 and T4?
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thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
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what does calcitonin do?
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it decreases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood (lowers the blood levels).
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what regulates the secretion of calcitonin?
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hypercalcimia (high blood calcium level). when blood calcium is high , no more will be removed from bones.
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what do the parathyroid glands do?
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produce parathyroid hormone.
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what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
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maintains normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate.
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parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an antagonist to ...
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calcitonin
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how is parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulated?
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hypocalcemia (low blood calcium) stimulates secretion of PTH. hypercalcemia. inhibits secretion.
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name 3 things that parathyroid hormone increases?
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increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from blood to bone, absorption of calcium and phosphate by small intestine, and reabsorption of calcium and exercretion of phosphate by kidneys.
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what does PTH. activate?
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vitamin D
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what is the pancreas?
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it is both an exocrine (digestive) gland and an endocrine (hormone producing) gland.
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what does the pancreas do?
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produces glucagon and insulin.
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what is diabetes mellitus?
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deficiency of insulin or deficiency in its function.
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where does glucagon come from?
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alpha cells of the pancreas.
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where does insulin come from?
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beta cells of the pancreas.
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what 2 things does glucagon do?
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increase conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, increase the use of excess amino acids and fats for energy.
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what is somatostatin?
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a hormone from pancreas delta cells.
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what does somatostatin do?
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it inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas. it slows absorption of nutrients in small intestine.
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what promotes the secretion of somatostatin?
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rising levels of glucagon and insulin
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what prompts the secretion of insulin?
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rising levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
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what prompts the secretion of glucagon?
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low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia).
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what does insulin do?
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increase glucose transport into cells, increase the use of glucose for energy production, increase conversion of excess glucose to glycogen,increase amino acid and fatty acid transport into cells.
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name the 2 types of diabetes?
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type 1 (childhood onset), type 2 (adult, gradual onset).
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what are 2 characteristics of type 1 diabetes?
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complete lack of insulin-its not present.glucose remains outside of the cell.
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what is one characteristics of type 2 diabetes?
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lack of insulin receptors.
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which type of diabetes is insulin dependent?
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type 1 diabetes is insulin dependent. type 2 diabetes is non- insulin dependent.
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where are the adrenal glands found?
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one on top of each kidney.
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what's another name for the adrenal glands?
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suprarenal.glands
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each adrenal gland consists of what?
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2 parts. the inner adrenal medulla. and the outer adrenal cortex.
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what does the adrenal medulla do?
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secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
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what characterizes the adrenal medulla secretions?
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fight or flight/ sympathetic.
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what does the adrenal cortex do?
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secretes 3 types of steroid hormones.
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what are the three hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?
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mineralocortioids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones.
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what regulates the secretion of epinephrine?
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sympathetic impulses from hypothalamus.
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what does norepinephrine do?
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causes vasoconstriction. in skin, viscera, skeletal muscles.
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what 4 things does epinephrine increase?
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increases heart rate and contraction, use of fats for energy, cell respiration, and conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver.
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what other things does epinephrine do?
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dilates.broncioles, decreases peristalsis, causes vasoconstriction in skin and viscera, causes vasodilation in skeletal muscles.
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what is aldosterone?
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most abundant of the mineralocorticoids.
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what 2 things does aldosterone do?
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increase reabsorption of sodium ions by kidneys to the blood,increases excretion of potassium to the urine by the kidneys.
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what regulates the secretion of aldosterone?
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low blood Na+, high blood K+level.
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what regulates the secretion of cortisol?
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adrenocorticotropic.hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary during stress.
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what 2 things does cortisol increase?
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increases use of fats and excess aminos for energy. increase Conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver.
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what other effects does cortisol have?
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decreases use of glucose for energy (except for brain).anti-inflammatory effect -stabilizes lysis ones and blocks histamine.
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what are 2 disorders of the adrenal cortex?
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addison's disease=hypo secretion of adrenal cortex hormones. cushing's syndrome=hyper secretion of adrenal cortex, primary cortisol.
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what does estrogen do?
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matures the eggs.helps develop secondary sex charcteristics.
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what does progesterone do?
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promotes the storage of glycogen.
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what does inhibit do?
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decreases the secretion of FSH. (follicle stimulating hormone) by the anterior pituitary gland.
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what does testosterone do?
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matures the sperm. develops secondary sex characteristics.
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what does melatonin do?
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stimulates onset of sleep.
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how are prostaglandins. different from other hormones?
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they are produced virtually all cells.they do not circulate in blood to target organs.they exert effects locally, where they are produced.
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what are the 2 steps of hormone action?
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1.bonds to a receptor (a protein) on its target cell. 2. once bonded to a receptor, it will cause the hormone reaction.
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outline the 2 messenger mechanism
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first- messenger is the hormone that enters a receptor. the second messenger is the cyclic AMP. that is produced as a result of the arrival of the hormone.
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what does the cyclic AMP. (2nd messenger) do?
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after arrival of the hormone to the receptor, cAMP. is produced. this activates the cells enzymes to bring about the cells characteristic response to the hormone.
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what do the steroid hormones do?
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1. they bond to a protein receptor in a cell cytoplasm. 2. then, the steroid-protein combo enters the cell nucleus. 3. in the nucleus, the steroid-protein begins the process of protein synthesis.
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protein synthesis produces what?
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enzymes
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what do the protein-synthesis enzymes do?
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they bring about the cells characteristic response to the hormone.
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what happens to endocrine glands during aging?
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they decrease their secretions, but usually remain at sufficient levels.
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