Endocrine System

Front 1

Endocrine Glands

Back 1

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood.

Front 2

Hormones

Back 2

Steroidal or amino-based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions.

Front 3

Gland

Back 3

Organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body or for elimination.

Front 4

Exocrine glands

Back 4

Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular size.

Front 5

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

Back 5

Amine hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. It is the main regulator of metabolism, is essential for growth, and for development and functioning of the nervous system.

Front 6

Progesterone

Back 6

Steroid hormone secreted by the ovary and placenta. Regulates ovarian function, uterine lining, breast development, and is required for pregnancy.

Front 7

Estrogen

Back 7

Female sex hormone produced by the ovary; during puberty promotes development of secondary sex characteristics, and is necessary for production of the ovum.

Front 8

Testosterone

Back 8

Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during puberty promotes development of the secondary sex characteristics, and is necessary for normal sperm production.

Front 9

TSH

Back 9

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.

Front 10

FSH

Back 10

Females: stimulates maturation of the ovarian follicle and production of estrogen.
Males: Stimulates sperm production.

Front 11

LH

Back 11

Females: Triggers ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone.
Males: Stimulates production of testosterone.

Front 12

Progesterone

Back 12

Steroid hormone secreted by the ovary and placenta. Regulates ovarian function, uterine lining, breast development, and is required for pregnancy.

Front 13

ACTH

Back 13

Stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids and other hormones of the adrenal cortex.

Front 14

Glucocorticoids

Back 14

Adrenal cortex hormones that regulate blood glucose levels and aid the body in resisting stress.

Front 15

Adrenal Cortex

Back 15

Outer portion of adrenal gland that produced steroid hormones.

Front 16

GH

Back 16

stimulates growth and energy metabolism. Require intermediary proteins called somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Front 17

Somatomedins

Back 17

Insulin-like growth factors synthesized by the liver.

Front 18

Pituitary Gland

Back 18

Neuroendocrine gland located beneath the hypothalamus of the brain.
Anterior lobe: Glandular tissue: Secretes LH, FSH, GH, TSH, ACTH, & prolactin (PRL).
Posterior Lobe: Neural Tissue: Releases the hormones oxytocin and basopressin (ADH) that are produced by hypothalamic neurons.

Front 19

Peptide

Back 19

A molecule formed by linking amino acids in a chain. Usually, but not always, contains fewer than 50 amino acids.

Front 20

Pineal gland

Back 20

Endocrine gland located in the diencephalon of the brain. Secretes melatonin.

Front 21

Amine hormone

Back 21

Derivatives of single amino acids, either tyrosine or tryptophan.

Front 22

C cells

Back 22

Thyroid cells that secrete calcitonin

Front 23

Calcitonin

Back 23

Hormone released bu the thyroid gland that promotes a decrease in calcium levels of the blood.

Front 24

Parathyroid Glands

Back 24

Declining blood calcium levels cause the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH.

Front 25

PTH

Back 25

Primary regulator of blood calcium levels.
1) acts directly on the kidney to increase re absorption of calcium.
2) increases resorption of bone. Increases blood Ca+ levels
3) Final conversion of vitamin D to its active form

Front 26

Thymus

Back 26

Endocrine gland located deep to the sternum in the thorax. Secretes a family of peptide hormones that includes thymosin and thymopoietin.

Front 27

Thymic hormones

Back 27

Regulate T cell development and play a role in the immune response.

Front 28

Adrenal Glands

Back 28

Paired endocrine glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of an outer cortex and an innter medulla. Cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Medulla secretes catercholamines.

Front 29

Mineralocorticoids

Back 29

Steroid hormones of the adrenal corex that regulate mineral metabolism and fluid balance.

Front 30

Androgen

Back 30

A hormone with testosterone-like actions.

Front 31

Catecholamine

Back 31

A type of organic compound that contains a benzene ring structure and an amine group. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are catecholmamines.

Front 32

Zona golerulosa

Back 32

Outer zone of adrenal cortex that synthesizes mineralocorticoids for salt balance.

Front 33

Aldosterone

Back 33

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium ion reabsorption.

Front 34

Zona reticularis

Back 34

Inner zone of adrenal cortex that synthesizes glucocorticoids and androgens that regulate glucose metabolism. (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone)

Front 35

Cortisol

Back 35

Secreted Significantly in humans and not only regulates energy metabolism but regulates immune system and facilitates the stress response

Front 36

Adrenal Medulla

Back 36

2 main hormones, epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). Important in fight or flight responses.

Front 37

Pancreas

Back 37

Gland located behind the stomach, between the spleen and the duodenum; produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions. Endocrine secretions include the hormones insulin and glucagon. Exocrine secretions are digestive juices ducted to the small intestine.

Front 38

Acinar cells

Back 38

Pancreatic cell that produces enzyme-rich juice, an exocrine product.

Front 39

Pancreatic Islets

Back 39

Known as the Islets of Lagerhans; irregular microscopic structures scattered throughout the pancreas; composed of alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, and PP cells.

Front 40

Beta Cells

Back 40

Pancreatic cells that secret insulin.

Front 41

Alpha Cells

Back 41

Pancreatic cells that secretes glucagon.

Front 42

Glucagon

Back 42

Hormone formed by alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; raises the glucose level of blood.

Front 43

Insulin

Back 43

Promotes storage of organic fuel molecules by its actions on liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Increases glucose uptake in all three tissues and promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle, and triglyceride synthesis in liver and adipose tissue.

Front 44

Inhibin

Back 44

Peptide hormone from the gonads that inhibits FSH secretion.

Front 45

Endocrine tissues

Back 45

Cells located in organs that have non-endocrine function. These include the brain, heart, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract.

Front 46

Oxytocin

Back 46

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and promotes milk release (or letdown) from the breasts

Front 47

Vasopressin (ADH)

Back 47

Controls water reabsorption in the kidney, and thereby participates in controlling water balance, blood volume, and blood pressure

Front 48

Hypophyeal portal vessels

Back 48

Blood vessels that connect two capillary beds in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

Front 49

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Back 49

Stimulates secretion of TSH (stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone).

Front 50

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Back 50

Stimulates secretion of FSH & LH (stimulates maturation of the gametes and production of the reproductive hormones)

Front 51

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Back 51

Stimulate secretion of ACTH (Stimulates secretion of glucocoritoids & other hormones of the adrenal cortex)

Front 52

Growth Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Back 52

Stimulates secretion & somatostatin (SST) inhibits secretion. Stimulates frowth and energy metabolism

Front 53

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Back 53

Peptide hormone from atria of the heart that regulates sodium and water excretion. Salt balance, blood volume, and blood pressure.

Front 54

Erythropoientin

Back 54

Stimulates bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells