Endocrine System

Front 1

Hormone

Back 1

Chemical signal that is:
-released into blood
-acts over long distances
-induce different responses
-different responses on different targets

Front 2

3 classes of hormones

Back 2

Amino Acid-Derived
Polypeptides (majority)
Steroids

Front 3

Four Amino Acid-Derived hormones

Back 3

Epinephrine
Norepi
Dopamine
Thyroid Hormone

Front 4

AA Hormones derived from

Back 4

Tyrosine

Front 5

Location of release: Epi

Back 5

Adrenal Medulla

Front 6

Location of release: Norepi

Back 6

Adrenal Medulla

Front 7

Location of release: Dopamine

Back 7

Hypothalamus

Front 8

Location of release: Thyroid Hormone

Back 8

Thyroid gland

Front 9

Five Polypedtide Hormones

Back 9

Insulin
Growth Hormone
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Parathyroid Hormone

Front 10

Location of release: Insulin

Back 10

pancreas

Front 11

Location of release: growth hormone

Back 11

anterior pituitary gland

Front 12

Location of release: Oxytocin

Back 12

posterior pituitary gland

Front 13

Location of release: Vasopressin

Back 13

posterior pituitary gland

Front 14

Six Steroid Hormones (cholesterol backbone)

Back 14

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
Progestins
Estrogens
Androgens
1 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (from vitamin D2)

Front 15

Hormone characteristics: Cortisol

Back 15

-Made in adrenal cortex
-released in times of stress
-generates and regulates glucose
-potentiates actions of other hormones

Front 16

Advair

Back 16

contains cortisol and Epi, the steroid makes epi work better

Front 17

Hormone characteristics: Aldosterone

Back 17

-produced in adrenal cortex
-regulates Na, K balance
-primarily works in kidneys

Front 18

Hormone characteristics: Progestins

Back 18

-Progesterone is a major one, made in ovaries but also in adrenal glands

Front 19

Hormone characteristics: Estrogens

Back 19

-Estradiol is a major one produced in ovaries

Front 20

Hormone characteristics: Androgense

Back 20

-Testosterone is a major one produced in testes and some in adrenal glands

Front 21

Hormone characteristics: Parathyroid hormone

Back 21

-Polypeptide
-Made by para(near)thyroid glands
-Moves calcium from bone to blood when sun/vitamin D deficient
-Also works on Ca and P

Front 22

Are all hormones essential for life?

Back 22

No

Front 23

Which hormones are essential for life?

Back 23

-Vasopressin (water balance)
-Insulin (metabolism)
-Cortisol
-Aldosterol
-Parathyroid
-1 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

Front 24

What can alter an endocrine cell's rate of secretion

Back 24

Ions
Nutrients
Neurotransmitters
Other Hormones

Front 25

Why is a pituitary tumor so dangerous?

Back 25

The PPG sits in the sella turcica at the base of the front of the skull, so the tumor has nowhere to go but crush optic chasm

Front 26

Two hormones stored in pituitary gland axon terminals

Back 26

Oxytocin
Vasopressin

Front 27

Hormone characteristics: Oxytocin

Back 27

Exclusive to mammals
Stimulates milk secretion (not production)
Stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during childbirth

Front 28

Vasopressin

Back 28

-Acts on smooth muscles of blood vessels, raising bp
-Anything that lowers bp stimulates vasopressin production in hypothalamus and release from PPG
-Reabsorbs water from urine
-Antidiuretic hormone (no urinate)

Front 29

Portal Vein

Back 29

pick up hormones produced in hypothalamus, break into capillaries and deliver straight to pituitary instead of going full circulation

Front 30

Growth Hormone Pathway

Back 30

Hypothalamus > AP Gland > Liver (see notes)

Front 31

What does growth hormone presence in adults cause?

Back 31

-It's normal, caused by metabolic actions
-Raises blood glucose
-Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue
-Decreases cellular sensitivity to insulin
-Anabolic (builds up stuff) in most organs

Front 32

Thyroid Hormone Pathway

Back 32

TRH > Thyroid Gland > T3/T4 (see notes)

Front 33

Hormone characteristics: Thyroid Hormone

Back 33

-Calorigenic
-Involved in differentiation
-involved in cardiovascular activities

Front 34

Six Classical AP Hormones

Back 34

FSH --> stimulates gonads
LH --> stimulates gonads
GH --> triggers production of IGF-1 in liver for growth and stimulates protein synthesis and lipid/carb metabolism in other tissues
TSH --> stimulates thyroid
Prolactin --> stimulates milk production and breast development
ACTH --> causes cortisol secretion in adrenal cortex

Front 35

What is another name for hypothalamus hormones and what do they do?

Back 35

Hypophysiotropic Hormones
travel through portal veins to stimulate production of different AP classical hormones

Front 36

Six major hypopysiotropic hormones and actions
(hormone --> result production in AP)

Back 36

CRH --> ACTH
TRH --> TSH
GHRH --> GH
SS --> GH (inhibitory)
GnRH --> FSH LH
Dopamine (DA) --> Prolactin (inhibitory)

Front 37

Long loop vs short loop feedback

Back 37

Short loop: Feedback exerted on hypothalamus by AP hormone
Long loop: Feedback exerted on hypothalamus by third hormone in sequence

Front 38

The thyroid gland is made up of ____ that contain ____.

Back 38

follicles, colloid (protein-rich material)

Front 39

Goiter

Back 39

enlarged thyroid gland

Front 40

Steps of T3 and T4 formation

Back 40

1. Iodine cotransported with Na from blood into follicle
2. I- diffuses through to colloid
3. I- oxidized and attached to tyrosine rings
4. The MIT (1 I-) or DIT (2 I-) attached to others
5. Follicle endocytoses thyroglobulin back
6. Enzymes release T3 or T4 from TG
7. Exocytosis of T3 or T4

Front 41

Grave's Disease

Back 41

Hyperthyroidism
There is a goiter
Destroy Thyroid through radiation treatment
weight loss
increased appetite
increased heart rate
increased sensitivity to cold
heat intolerance (feel hot all the time)

Front 42

Hashimoto Disease

Back 42

Hypothyroidism
I deficiency
Body destroys hormone
cold intolerance (feel cold)
gain weight

Front 43

Cushing disease

Back 43

Exposed to too much cortisol
fat around shoulders face
less bone
osteoporosis
immunosuppression
high blood sugar