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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Growth Hormone
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Source: Anterior Pituitary
Action: stimulates bone and muscle growth |
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Prolactin
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Source: Anterior Pituitary
Action: Stimulates milk production and secretion |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Source: Anterior Pituitary
Action: Stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids |
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Source: Anterior Pituitary
Action: Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormone |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Source: Anterior Pituitary
Action: Stimulates ovulation in females; testosterone synthesis in males |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Source: Anterior Pituitary
Action: Stimulates follicle maturation in females; spermatogenesis in males |
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Oxytocin
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Source: Hypothalamus; stored in posterior pituitary
Action: Stimulates uterine contractions during labor, and milk secertion during lactation |
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Vasopressin (ADH)
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Source: Hypothalamus; stored in posterior pituitary
Action: Stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys |
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Thyroid hormone
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Source: Thyroid
Action: Stimulates metabolic activity |
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Calcitonin
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Source: Thyroid
Action: Decreases the blood calcium level |
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Parathyroid hormone
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Source: Parathyroid
Action: Increases the blood calcium level |
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Glucocorticoids
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Source: adrenal cortex
Action: Increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis |
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Mineralocorticoids
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Source: adrenal cortex
Action: Increasea water reabsorption in the kidneys |
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Source: adrenal medulla
Action: Increases blood glucose level and heart rate |
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Glucagon
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Source: Pancreas
Action: Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver; increases blood glucose |
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Insulin
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Source: Pancreas
Action: Lowers blood glucose and increase storage of glycogen |
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Somatostatin
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Source: Pancreas
Action: Suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin |
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Testosterone
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Source: Testis
Action: Maintains male secondary sexual characteristics |
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Estrogen
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Source: Ovary/placenta
Action: Maintains female secondary sexual characteristics |
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Progesterone
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Source: Ovary/placenta
Action: Promotes growth/maintenance of endometrium |
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Melatonin
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Source: Pineal
Action: Unclear in humans |
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Atrial natriuretic hormone
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Source: Heart
Action: Involved in osmoregulation |
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Thymosin
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Source: Thymus
Action: Stimulates T lymphocyte development |
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Peptide hormone
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- surface receptors
- generally acy via secondary messengers |
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Steroid hormone
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- intracellular receptors
- hormone/receptor binding to DNA promotes transcription of specific genes |
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Erythropoietin
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Source: kidney
Action: in response to decreased renal oxygen levels and stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs |
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Renin
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Source: kidney
Action: enzyme secreted and involved in regulation of aldosterone secretion |
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Oral contraceptive pills
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- estrogen/progesterone preparations
- block conception by inhibiting LH and FSH release thereby inhibiting ovulation |
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human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
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- produced by blastocyst and developing placenta
- preserves corpus luteum to maintain estrogen and progesterone secretion (1st trimester) |
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placenta
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- secretes estrogen and progesterone by itself as HCG levels decline (2nd trimester)
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hypothalamic-hypophyseal protal system
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- blood from capillary bed in hypothalamus flows through protal vein into the anterior pituitary, where it diverges into a second capillary network
- allows for releasing hromones to immediately reach anterior pituitary |
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Six hormones of the anterior pituitary
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"FLAT PEG"
FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin Endorphins GH |
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osmoreceptors
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- in hypothalamus
- detects plasma osmolarity increase signaling secretion of ADH |
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baroreceptors
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- in circulatory system
- detects blood volume decreases |
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Ca+ levels in response to:
PTH Calcitonin |
PTH: inceases Ca2+
Calcitonin: decreases Ca2+ ("CalciTONIN tones down Ca2+) |
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renin-angiotensin
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- renin (enzyme) converts angiotensiongen (plasma protein) to angiotensin I
- angiotensin I to angiotensin II that stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone |
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aldosterone
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helps restore blood volume by increasing Na+ reabsorption into the blood at the kidney, leading to increase in water reabsorption
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pancreas exocrine function
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performed by cells that secrete digestive enzymes into small intestine
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pancreas endocrine function
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performed by islets of Langerhans
- alpha cells make glucagon - beta cells make insulin - delta cells make somatostatin |
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somatostatin
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always inhibitory
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insulin
glucagon |
- insulin decreases plasma glucose
- glucagon increases plasma glucose |
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Menstrual cycle
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- Follicular phase: follicles mature (FSH, LH)
- LH surge: triggers ovulation - Luteal phase: ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum and secretes estrogen and progeserone to build up uterine lining in prep for implantation; LH and FSH inhibited - If fertilization doesn't occur: corpus luteum atrophies, progesterone and esterogen levels decreases, menses (menstrual flow) occurs, and LH and FSH levels begin to rise |