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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 2 types of receptors.
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Membrand bound receptors and intracellular receptors.
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Where are membrane bound receptors located? What type of substance binds to them? A substance binding to receptors activates the _______.
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Cell membrane.
Large H2O soluable molecules. Secondary messenger system. |
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Where are intracellular receptors located? What type of substance binds to them?
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Cytoplasm or nucleus.
Small lipid soluable molecules. |
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Horomones are classified into 2 groups, lipid soluable (H2O insoluable) and H2O soluable. Name the types and some examples of lipid soluable horomones. Name the types and some examples of H2O soluable horomones.
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Lipid soluable
Steroid-estrogen, testosterone, cortisol Thyroid- T3, T4 H2O soluable Amine-epinephrine, melatonin Peptide/Protein-antidiuretic horomone, oxytocin, calcitonin Eicosanoids-prostaglandins (eicosanoids are not true horomones, biologically active molecules similar to horomones but effects are more local). |
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What are 3 things that help regulate horomone secretion. (hint: Neg. feedback loops)
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Blood levels of chemicals-glucose, Ca+2
Blood levels of horomones-sex steroids Sympathetic nervous system |
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What is another name for the pituitary gland?
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Hypophysis
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Where is the pituitary gland located?
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Inferior surface of brain. Sits in sella turcia of skull.
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What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?
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Infundibulum or infundibular stalk.
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What are the two lobes of the pituitary called?
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Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis
Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis |
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What helps regulate the pituitary gland?
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Blood levels of horomones and the hypothalamus.
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The anterior pituitary is regulated by the _________. The anterior pituitary _______ & ________ it's own horomones.
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Hypothalamus
Synthesizes & secretes |
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What are the specialized nuclei in the hypothalamus?
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Supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei
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What are releasing horomones? Where are they produced, specifically?
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Stimulate ant. pituitary to secrete specific horomones.
Supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. |
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What are inhibiting horomones? Where are they produced, specifically?
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Inhibits ant. pituitary from secreting specific horomones.
Supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. |
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The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus release horomones into the blood at the _____________ located at the _______________. __________ carry horomones from the ___________ through the ____________ to a _____________. Releasing and inhibiting horomones exit the __________ and enter the ant. pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of a horomone.
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Primary capillary bed; superior surface of the infundibulum; portal veins; primary capillary bed; infundibulum; secondary capillary bed; secondary capillary bed
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In posterior pituitary regulation, the hypothalamus uses ______ to send horomones through the ________. The horomones are stored in the _________. The stimulates the posterior pituitary via the same ____ to secrete horomones from the ________.
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Axons; infundibulum; pitucytes; axons; pitucytes.
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Name three horomones secreted by the anterior pituitary.
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Tropins, Human Growth horomone, Prolactin
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Name 3 tropins (regulate secretory activity of other endocrine glands.)
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Thyroid stimulating horomone (TSH or thyrotropin), Adrenocorticotropic horomone (ACTH or corticotropin), Gonadotropins.
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What is the target tissue of Thyroid stimulating horomone (TSH)? What is its fxn? What is it regulated by?
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Thyroid gland; regulate activity of thyroid gland; thyrotropin releasing horomone (TRH) and blood levels of T3 and T4.
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What is the target tissue of adrenocorticotropic horomone (ACTH)? What is its fxn? What is it regulated by?
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Adrenal gland cortex; stimulate adrenal gland cortex to secrete group of horomones called glucocorticoids; Corticotropin releasing horomone (CRH), blood levels of glucocorticoids, stress.
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Name 2 gonadotropins.
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Follicle Stimulating Horomone (FSH) and Lutenizing Horomone (LH)
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What is the target tissue of Follicle stimulating horomone (FSH)? What is its fxn? What is it regulated by?
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Gonads (ovaries & testes); men-spermatogenesis, women-ovarian follicle development; gonadotropin releasing horomone (GnRH), blood levels of sex steroids.
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What is the target tissue of Lutenizing horomone (LH)? What is its fxn? What is it regulated by?
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Gonads; women-ovulation, men-secretion of testosterone; GRH, blood levels of sex steroids
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What is the target tissue of Human Growth Horomone (hGH or somatotropin)? What is its fxn? What is it regulated by?
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Bone tissue, muscle tissue; alters protein metabolism (regulate amino acid uptake), alter lipid metabolism (increase fatty acid avail. for ATP production), alter carbohydrate metabolism (regualte glucose uptake); growth horomone releasing horomone (GHRH), growth horomone inhibiting horomone (GHIH), blood glucose levels
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What is the target tissue of Prolactin (PL)? What is its fxn? What is it regulated by?
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Mammary glands, male reproductive system; women-stimulate milk production, men-supportive; prolactin releasing horomone (PRH), prolactin inhibiting horomone (PIH)
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Horomones stored in the posterior pituitary are made by the ________.
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Hypothalamus
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What are two horomones stored in the posterior pituitary?
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Oxytocin, antidiuretic horomone (ADH or vasopressin)
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What is the target tissue of oxytocin? What is it's fxn? What is it regulated by?
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Mammary glands, uterus; milk secretion, uterine contraction; hypothalamus
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What is the target tissue of antidiuretic horomone (ADH)? What is it's fxn? What is it regulated by?
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Kidneys, blood vessels; increase H2O reabsorption in kidneys, stimulate vasoconstriction; hypothalamus, osmolarity of blood (hydration state of body)
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
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Anterior to larnyx & proximal to trachea
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The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes connected by a band of connective tissue called _______.
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the isthmus.
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What is contained in the lobes of the thyroid gland? What is it?
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thyroid follicles; fluid filled sacs
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The wall of the thyroid follicle is composed of __________ which are _________ epithelial cells. Beneath the walls of the follicle is a fluid called _________. _________ is a precursor to ____________. Between the follicles is ___________ which contains __________.
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thyroid follicular cells; simple cuboidal; colloid; thyroid horomone, thyroglobulin, enzymes, iodine; interstitial fluid; blood vessels, connective tissues, parafollicular or C-cells
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Name 3 horomones of the thyroid gland.
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Calcitonin, tetraiodothronine (T4 or thyroxine), triiodothyronine (T3)
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What is the target tissue of calcitonin? What is it's fxn? What is it regulated by?
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bone tissue, kidneys; decrease blood Ca+2 levels; blood Ca+2 levels
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What is the target tissue of tetraiodothyronine (T4)? What is it's fxn? What is it regulated by?
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most cells in the body; regulate cellular metabolism; TSH (thyroid stimulating horomone) from anterior pituitary, blood levels of iodide
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Tetraiodothyronine or T4 can be ______ to ____. It is produced in _______ amounts than T3. Also, it is _____ active then T3.
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converted; T3; larger; less
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What is the target tissue of triiodothyronine (T3)? What is it's fxn? What is it regulated by?
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most cells in the body; regulate cellular metabolism; TSH (thyroid stimulating horomone) from anterior pituitary, blood levels of iodide
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Triiodothyronine or T3 is produced in _____ amounts then T4. It is _____ active then T4
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lower; more
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Production of T3 and T4
1. TSH stimulates __________ to synthesize & secrete _________ into ________. 2. The _________ remove ________ from blood. 3. The follicular cells exocytose _______ into _________. 4. ______ in colloid convert iodide into _______. 5. _____ binds with _________ to make T3 and T4. 6. TSH stimulates follicular cells to _______ T3 and T4 from ______ and secrete into __________. |
1. thyroid follicular cells; thyroglobulin; colloid; 2. thyroid follicular cells; iodide; 3. iodide; colloid; 4. Enzymes; iodine; 5. Iodine; thyroglobulin; 6. pinocytose; colloid; interstitial fluid.
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Where is parathyroid horomone (PTH) produced? What is it's fxn? What is it regulated by?
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parathyroid gland; increases blood Ca+2 levels; blood Ca+2 levels
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Describe the location and composition of the adrenal glands.
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Located on superior surface of kidney; composed of 2 layers adrenal cortex (superficial) and adrenal medulla (deep)
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What are horomones from the adrenal cortex collectively called? Where are they derived from?
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corticosteroids or corticoids; cholesterol
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Name 3 groups of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex.
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glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, androgens
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Where are glucocorticoids produced? What is their target tissue? What is it's fxn? What is it regulated by?
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adrenal cortex; most cells of the body; regulate blood glucose levels, metabolism, anti-inflammitory (ex=cortisol); ACTH, blood glucose levels, stress
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Where are mineralcorticoids produced? What is their target tissue? What is it's fxn? What is it regulated by?
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adrenal cortex; kidneys, exocrine glands; regulate blood miner levels (K+ & Na+) which indirectly affects blood volume and b.p. (ex=aldosterone); blood K+ & Na+ levels
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Where are androgens produced? What is it's fxn?
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adrenal cortex; supplement sex steroid levels in blood (androgens are weak male sex steroids)
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Horomones of the Adrenal Medulla
Cells of medulla are modified _________. The medulla is regulated by the __________. It releases horomones called __________. This includes ________ and ________. The function of these horomones is to mimic and enhance the sympathetic nervous system. |
neuron cell bodies; sympathetic nervous system; catecholamines; epinephrine; norepinephrine
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The pancreas is located posterior to the _______ and medial to the _______. It is composed of _______ and _______ portions. The _______ portion is called ___________.
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stomach; kidneys; exocrine; endocrine; endocrine; pancreatic islets
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The pancreatic islets are composed of various cells, name 2.
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Beta cells and alpha cells
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What are beta cells? What is their target tissue? What is their fxn? What do they regulate?
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insulin secreting cells; liver, adipose tiss., skeletal muscle; triggers target tiss. to remove glucose from blood and store it (adipose>triglycerides & liver, skeletal muscle>glycogen), remove amino acids from blood; blood glucose levels, blood amino acid levels, other horomones>GH, glucocorticoids, epinephirne, etc.
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What are alpha cells? What is their target tissue? What is their fxn? What do they regulate?
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glucagon secreting cells; adipose, liver, skeletal muscle; stimulate tgt. tiss. to release storage form of glucose (adipose>lipolysis>fatty acids & liver, muscle>glycogenesis>glucose), regulates amino acid levels in blood; blood levels of glucose & amino acids, horomones
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The pineal gland is located in the ______ between the thalamus and superior colliculus. It secretes _______ for sleep and wake cycles and it also plays a role in _______.
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diencephalon (midbrain); melatonin; puberty
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The thymus gland is located on the superior surface of the _______. It secretes 4 horomones, primarily _____ which assists in __________.
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heart; thymosin; WBC development
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