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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 5 endocrine glands located above the shoulders.
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1. hypothalamus
2. pituitary 3. pineal body 4. thyroid 5. parathyroids |
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What are the two types of cells found in the Islets of Langerhans that produce hormones?
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alpha & beta cells
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What endocrine gland is located near the sternum in the thoracic cavity?
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thymus
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What are the endocrine glands that are located on the top of the kidneys?
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adrenal glands
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What two reproductive structures can be considered endocrine glands?
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ovaries and testes
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In what medium do hormones travel in the body?
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blood
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What four major processes in the human body to hormones produced in the endocrine system control?
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1. metabolism
2. fluid balance & urine production 3. growth & development 4. sexual reproduction |
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Describe the hypothalamus.
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The hypothalamus is an endocrine gland located at the central base of the brains consisting of a cluster of nerve cells producing "releasing factors" into the blood. (regulatory hormones)
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Where is the pituitary gland located in relation to the hypothalamus?
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directly beneath the hypothalamus
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What are the two lobes of the pituitary?
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anterior and posterior
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Name seven hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
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1. thyrotropin (TSH)
2. corticotropin (ACTH) 3. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 4. lutenizing hormone 5. prolactin 6. endorphins 7. growth hormone (GH) |
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What does TSH stand for in the endocrine system?
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thyroid simulating hormone
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What does ACTH stand for in the endocrine system?
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
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What does FSH stand for in the endocrine system?
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follicle stimulating hormone
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What does GH stand for in the endocrine system?
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growth hormone
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Name two hormone produced by the posterior pituitary.
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1. oxytocin
2. antidiuretic hormone |
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What does ADH stand for in the endocrine system?
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antidiuretic hormone
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What does the hormone thyrotropin do?
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stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxin
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What does corticotropin do?
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stimulates the adrenal cortex to release steroid hormones
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What is the role of FSH hormone?
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stimulates the formation of eggs and sperm
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What is the role of lutenizing hormone?
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stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males.
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What is the role of prolactin hormone?
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it stimulates and sustains the production of breast milk in lactating women
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What is the function of endorphins?
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promote a feeling of well-being, and natural pain killers
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What is the function of GH hormone in the body?
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promotes cell growth
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What is the function of oxytocin in humans?
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promotes contractions during labor, and promotes milk "let down" in lactating women.
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What does the hormone ADH do?
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it promotes the conservation of water in the body
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What are circadian rhythms?
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roughly 24 hour cycles in living organisms that control many behavioral, biochemical, and physiological process.
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What is the name of the butterfly-shaped endocrine gland in the neck?
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thyroid gland
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Describe the location of the thyroid gland.
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It is located below the larynx and in front of the trachea.
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What is the primary role of thyroxine hormone
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regulate metabolism
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What three hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?
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1. T3 - triiodothyronine
2. T4 - thyroxine 3. calcitonin |
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What is the role of calcitonin?
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regulation of calcium homeostasis
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How many parathyroid glands are located at the rear of the thyroid gland?
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four
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The hormone PTH (parathyroid hormone) acts on several organs. When it acts on bones what happens?
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to stimulates the release of calcium by stimulating osteoclastic activity.
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The hormone PTH acts of what things in the body to control calcium homeostasis?
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blood, bones, intestines, and kidneys
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Alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce what hormone?
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glucagon
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Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce what hormone?
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insulin
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What three hormones are produced by the Islets of Langerhans?
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insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
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What cells in the Islet os Langerhans produce somatostatin?
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delta cells
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What is the role of somatostatin produced in the delta cells of the Islets of Langerhans?
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regulate the production of hormones from the alpha and beta cells of the Islets
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What hormone is responsible for increasing blood volume by causing reabsorption of water and NaCl?
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aldosterone produced by the adrenal glands
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This hormone is often referred to as the stress hormone because it increases blood pressure and sugar levels.
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cortisol
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What is another name for adrenalin?
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epinephrine
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What does epinephrine do?
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it is the fight or flight hormone
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Beside epinephrine, which hormone also contributes to the fight or flight response?
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norepinephrine
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What is the general function of androgens?
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they stimulate and regulate secondary sex characteristics in males
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What three hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?
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1. aldosterone
2. cortisol 3. androgens |
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What two hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What hormone is produced in the right atrium of the heart?
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atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
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What does ANH hormone do?
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regulates homeostasis of water, sodium, potassium, and adipose tissue in the body
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What hormone is produced by skin?
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cholecalciferol
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What does cholecalciferol do?
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it is a precursor of vitamin D
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What is the role of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)?
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stimulates red bone marrow to make new erythrocytes
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What does EPO stand for in the endocrine system?
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erythropoietin
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What hormone is produced by fat tissue?
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leptin
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What does leptin do?
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As fat cells plump with fat this hormone suppresses the desire to eat.
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What is the function of PYY (peptide YY)?
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reduces appetite (it is produced in the gastric mucosa as feeding progresses)
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What is the primary function of the hormone ghrelin?
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control appetite
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In what body organ is melatonin produced?
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pineal gland
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How does the hormone melatonin work?
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when the environment gets dark, it helps induce sleep
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Where is erythropoietin produced?
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kidneys
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What causes Graves disease?
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The thyroid gland over-produces thyroxine hormone causing a condition known as hyperthyroidism.
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What outward physical indication of Graves disease might be obvious?
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bulging eyes
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What are some other symptoms of Graves disease besides bulging eyes?
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heat intolerance, increased energy, difficulty sleeping, diarrhea, and anxiety
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What is the common name for acromegaly?
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gigantism
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What is the cause of acromegaly?
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too much growth hormone being produced
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What are the two common forms of dwarfism?
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pituitary dwarfism and achondroplastic dwarfism (technically, there about 200 forms of dwarfism)
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What is the rarest form of dwarfism called?
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primordial dwarfism (Extremely rare - about 100 cases in the world) Most patients with this type of rare condition do not live beyond 30 yr.
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What President of the United States suffered from Addison's disease?
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John F. Kennedy - The disease is characterized by weight loss, fatigue, muscle weakness, and low blood pressure.
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What is the obvious physical sign of goiter?
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an extreme enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck
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What are the two common forms of diabetes?
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type 1 and type 2
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In which form of diabetes does the pancreas make the correct amount of insulin, but the body's cells do not respond to it?
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type 2
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Describe what happens to the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas in Type 1 diabetes.
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the immune system destroys the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans so that insulin producing is reduced
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Which form of diabetes often occurs in adolescence following a viral infection?
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Type 1
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If the breath smells of acetone, it may indicate which form of diabetes?
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Type 1
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A patient presents with the following symptoms. Lethargy, stupor, weight loss, hyperventilation, nausea, and abdominal pain. This may indicate which form of diabetes?
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Type 1
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A patient presents with the following symptoms. excessive urine output, sugar in the urine, some blurred vision. This may indicate which form of diabetes?
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Type 2
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