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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where is secreted?
What does it do? PROLACTIN |
Secreted by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
Stimulates the production of milk during lactation |
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Where is secreted?
What does it do? ACTH |
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol |
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Where is secreted?
What does it do? TSH |
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
Stimulates the thyroid to release its hormones (Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)) |
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Where is secreted?
What does it do? FSH |
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
Follicle-stimulating hormone In females- stimulates growth of the ovarian follicles and estrogen production In males- spermatogenesis |
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Where is secreted?
What does it do? LH |
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
Luteinizing hormone In females- Maturation of the ovum and ovulation In males- testosterone secretion |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? ADH |
Secreted in the hypothalamus, stored and released from the Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Anti-diuretic hormone- increases water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts (aka vasopressin) |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? OT |
Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)
Oxytocin; milk let-down and uterus contractions during and after labor |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? GH |
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland)
growth hormone; stimulates protein synthesis |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? INSULIN |
Pancreas (beta-cells of the Islets of Langerhans)
Transports glucose into the cell (key) Hence, lowers blood glucose levels |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? GLUCAGON |
Pancreas (alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans)
Glycogenolysis in the liver Hence, increases blood glucose level |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? PTH |
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone; increases blood calcium level by stimulating bone demineralization (stimulation of osteoclasts) and increasing absorption of Ca++ in the digestive tract and kidney |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? CALCITONIN |
Parafollicular cells of Thyroid gland
Inhibits osteoclast activity |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) |
thyroid gland
increases metabolic rate in all cells |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? ALDOSTERONE |
Adrenal cortex
increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? CORTISOL |
Adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata)
Anti-inflammatory and decreases immune response; catabolic effect on tissues, stress response |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? NOREPINEPHRINE |
Adrenal medulla
Vasoconstriction |
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Where is it secreted?
What does it do? EPINEPHRINE |
Adrenal medulla
Stress response Visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction Vasodilation in smooth muscle Increases rate and force of contraction of heart Bronchodilation |
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What are the two antagonist hormones that act on blood calcium levels?
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PTH and Calcitonin (PTH stimulates osteoclasts to perform bone resorption (increase blood Ca++) and calcitonin inhibits their action (decreases blood Ca++))
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What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?
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Adenomas
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Give an example of an endocrine disorder caused by target receptor insensitivity
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Type II diabetes mellitus
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Is insulin required for transport of glucose to the brain cells or in intestinal absorption? What about skeletal muscle?
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No
Exercising skeletal muscle can utilize glucose without proportionate levels of insulin (so excessive exercise could result in hypoglycemia) |
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Another name for juvenile diabetes? What is the problem in this case?
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Type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Autoimmune disease that destroys the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that secrete insulin (therefore, there is an insulin deficit) |
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Another name for noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? What is the problem here?
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Type 2 diabetes melliutus; mature onset
decreased beta cell production of insulin in pancreas, increased resistance by the body cells to insulin, or increased production of glucose by the liver (or a combination of these factors) |
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What is metabolic syndrome? Who does it effect?
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A complex of several pathophysiological changes marked by obesity, cardiovascular changes, and significant insulin resistance due to large amounts of adipose tissue.
Occuring in adolescents and young adults |
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Another name for a diabetic coma
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DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)
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What are drugs designed for type 2 diabetes designed to do (3 examples)
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- stimulate the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans to secrete insulin
- decrease insulin resistance - decrease hepatic glucose production (decrease glucagon) **some newer drugs increase tissue sensitivity to insulin, but have harsher side effects |
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Why is insulin injected instead of ingested?
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It is a protein and can be degraded by the digestive system
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What causes hypoglycemia? Which type is it most commonly found in?
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An increase in insulin (TOO MUCH) that causes a sudden depletion of glucose from the blood;
Type 1 |
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What do neurons use as an energy source? Therefore, what acute complication quickly effects the nervous system?
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Glucose (neurons cannot use fats of proteins as an energy source) ; hypoglycemia
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What do neurons use as an energy source? Therefore, which acute complication quickly effects the nervous system? What are the signs?
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Glucose ; hypoglycemia (signs include:
Impaired neurologic function: poor concentration, slurred speech, lack of coordination, and staggering gait (oftentimes appear drunk)) -and- stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system: increased pulse, anxiety/ tremors pale moist skin ** if left untreated, loss of consciouness, seizures, and death |
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Infection or stress increases the demand of ______ in the body (why?) This is a major contributing factor in ______.
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Insulin (cell metabolic needs will increase to fight infection, hence, demand for intracellular glucose will increase); HHNK
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Dehydration associated with hyperglycemia will cause (oliguria / polyuria). Dehydration associated with ketoacidosis will cause (oliguria / polyuria)
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polyuria (due to glucosuria and associated water and electrolyte loss due to increased osmotic pressure); oliguria (body's attempt to hold on to water to to more severe dehydration)
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Treatment for ketoacidosis
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Insulin and bicarbonate administration
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what are three factors that could cause an excessive hormone levels?
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- tumor that over-secretes a hormone (paraneoplastic syndrome)
- congenital defect - failure of the liver or kidney to excrete hormones |
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What are some factors that could cause a deficit of a hormone?
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Tumor produces too little hormone.
Inadequate tissue receptors present Antagonistic hormone production is increased. Malnutrition Atrophy, surgical removal of gland Congenital deficit |
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Kussmaul's respirations are deep respirations associated with ________________. What might the breath smell like?
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ketoacidosis ; acetone (a sweet, fruity smell)
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Give an example of a positive feedback system. What type of feedback is most commonly used to maintain homeostasis?
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Oxytocin secretion by the neurohypophysis
Negative feedback |
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Which type of muscle depends on blood calcium levels for contraction?
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Cardiac muscle (not skeletal- it has calcium reserve in the sarcoplasmic reticulum)
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What does hypocalemia cause? What might cause hypocalemia
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-Weakened heart contractions
-excitability of nerves (which DOES effect skeletal muscle--> tetany) Hypoparathyroidism would cause hypocalcemia |
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What does hyperparathyroidism cause?
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-hypercalcemia (can make a person more susceptible to urolithiasis)
-increased resorption of bone (leading to osteoprosis) |
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What vitamin is required for calcium absorption?
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Vitamin D
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What is the problem in diabetes insipidus? Causes?
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Deficit of ADH
-Adenoma - Brain injury that effects the neurohypophysis - Nephrogenic (kidney tubules do not respond to ADH) |
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The common factor with diabetes insipidus and mellitus is _____________. What is treatment for diabete inspidus?
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polyuria and polydipsia ; replacement of ADH (vasopressin)
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what is the problem in inappropriare ADH syndrome? What could cause it? Treatment?
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Excessive ADH (excessive water retention)
- temporary causes such as stress - ectopic such as a tumor Treatment includes diuretics |
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland
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Goiter
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Hypothyroid condition in regions with low iodine levels in soil and food
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Endemic goiter (without iodine, T3 and T4 cannot be synthesized, which leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia because TSH still produced)
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Foods that contain elements to block the synthesis of T3 and T4
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Goitrogens
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Goiter condition associated with hyperactivity of the thyroid gland
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Toxic goiter (assoc with Grave's disease)
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Presence of protruding, staring eyes, decreased blink and eye movement
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Exopthalmos
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Intolerance to cold is a sign of (hypothyroidism /hyperthyroidism)
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Hypothyroidism
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A destructive autoimmune disorder that might cause hypothyroidism
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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A congenital defect that causes hypothyroidism
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cretinism
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Severe, untreated hypothyroidism can cause ____________, or thickening of the tongue and non-pitting edema in the face
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Myxedema
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Pheochromocytoma is a benign tumor in the __________gland. What does this cause?
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adrenal (medulla)
tumor causes increased secretion of Epi, NEpi, and sometimes catecholamines- causes headache, heart palpations, sweating, increases anxiety |
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Excessive level of glucocorticoids;
What are the distinguished charcteristics? |
Cushing syndrome ; moon face, buffalo hump, purple straie, hirsutism
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fragile skin that may have red streaks as well as hirsutism
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Cushing syndrome
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Major causes of hypothyroidism
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Hashimoto thyroiditis: autoimmune disorder (has antibodies against the enzyme that forms T3 and T4, therefore it is not produced)
Iodine deficiency (usually from diet) |
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What is a major difference between cretinism and dwarfism
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Look similar, but cretinism can cause mental retardation
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What is cretinism caused by?
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Congenital hypothyroidism (usually due to iodine deficiency in mother during pregnancy)
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What causes toxic goiter? Which disease is it associated with?
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Asssociated with Grave's disease- autoantibodies produced elicit a TSH effect (while there is a negative feedback mechanism for TSH, there is none for the autoantibodies) Therefore, over-secretion occurs of T3/T4 and there is no STOP mechanism
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What condition is exopthalamos associated with?
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Hyperthyroidism
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What occurs during fasting?
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Decrease in insulin production
Increase in glucagon production (to stimulate glycogenolysis) |
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Measure of the ability of the beta cells to secrete insulin and the ability of insulin to lower the blood glucose
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Oral glucose tolerance test
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Hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis in response to low blood glucose levels
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Glucagon
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What is the difference between glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?
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Glycogenolysis is the process in which the hepatocytes convert glycogen to glucose (due to glucagon secretion; low blood glucose levels)
Gluconeogenesis is the production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules (can be performed by the liver in response to cortisol production) |
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Which process increases blood glucose levels, glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis?
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Both
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What is the pathophysiology of ketoacidosis?
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Gluconeogenesis
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Aldosterone is secreted from where?
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Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
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Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis are layers of what?
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The adrenal cortex (from outer to inner)
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Where is cortisol secreted from?
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Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
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What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones? What stimulates the adrenal medulla to release its hormones?
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Cortex- ACTH from anterior pituitary
Medulla- hypothalamus through SNS |
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What is this? What does it cause?
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Pheochromocytoma (benign tumor in the adrenal medulla)
Causes increased secretion of Epi and NEpi (malignant hypertension. tachycardia, sweating, heart palpitations, constant anxiety) |