Endocrine Physiology

Front 1

hypothalamus function

Back 1

hormones produced by the hypothalamus regulate the pituitary gland

Front 2

tropic hormones

Back 2

secreted by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary - target another endocrine gland

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anterior pituitary is composed of:

Back 3

glandular epithelial tissue that makes and secretes 7 hormones

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pituitary gland (hypophysis) is comprised of

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anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis; posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis; intermediate lobe in fetus; infundibulum connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Front 5

Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

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human growth hormone (hGH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Front 6

Posterior pituitary is composed of:

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nervous tissue that stores and releases two hormones (not synthesized in the posterior pituitary) into the blood

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Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin (OT)

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Name of connection between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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hypothalamic portal system, located in the infundibulum

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Structure of thyroid gland

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two lobes connected by an isthmus

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Thyroid gland contains

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follicles, formed by simple cuboidal and simple columnar cells called follicular cells; filled with the protein colloid

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Follicle cells synthesize:

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thyroglobin, a thyroid hormone precursor stored in colloid

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Thyroglobin is the precursor for the hormones:

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thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

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Parafollicular cells, or C cells synthesize and secrete:

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Oxytocin

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Parathyroid gland location

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in posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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Types of epithelial cells in the parathyroid glands, and what they produce:

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principal cells - parathyroid hormone (PTH); oxyphil cells - function unknown

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Adrenal gland composition:

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surrounded by a capsule, and composed of an outer cortex and a central medulla

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Layers of adrenal cortex

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zona glomerulosa - arranged in little columns; zona fasciculata - long cords and is largest layer; zona reticularis - innermost layer and has branching cords

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zona glomerulosa secretes:

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mineralcorticoids, with aldosterone being the main hormone

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Zona fasciculata secretes:

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glucocorticoids, with cortisol being the main hormone

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Zona reticularis secretes:

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androgens, such as DHEA

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Adrenal medulla composed of:

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Nervous tissue

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Adrenal medulla secretes:

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epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Pancreas is composed of:

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both endocrine and exocrine (acini) cells

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exocrine enzymes secreted through:

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the pancreatic duct into the small intestine

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islets of Langerhans

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pancreatic endocrine cells that secrete glucagon (alpha cells) or insulin (beta cells)

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Ovaries secrete:

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estrogen and progesterone

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testes secrete:

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testosterone

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pineal gland secretes:

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melatonin

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thymus secretes:

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thymosin

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Functions of the digestive system include:

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ingestion of food, secretion of digestive juices, mixing and propulsion of food, digestion of food, absorption of products, and defecation

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The GI tract organs include:

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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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Accessory digestive organs include:

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teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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Four layers of gastrointestinal tract:

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mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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Mucosa contains:

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epithelium, connective tissue (lamina propria), and smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae)

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Submucosa contains:

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areolar connective tissue

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Muscularis contains

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two layers: inner layer of circular smooth muscle and outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle; stomach also contains inner oblique layer

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Serosa

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visceral layer of peritoneum

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Peritoneum contains:

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simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue; parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, and peritoneal cavity

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mesentery

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holds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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mesocolon

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secures the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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falciform ligament

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holds liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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greater omentum

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large, fatty-looking apron that folds back on itself and attaches to the transverse colon

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lesser omentum

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connects the medial curve of the stomach with the liver