Endocrine Pharmacology

Front 1

What is used as replacement therapy for adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease)?

Back 1

Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Front 2

Adrenal corticosteroids are used to treat what?

Back 2

-Addison's disease
-Allergic disorders
-Inflammation conditions: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis.

Front 3

What is the condition associated with uncontrolled bone formation?

Back 3

Paget's disease

Front 4

What are the characteristics of Cushing's syndrome?

Back 4

Redistribution of fat, puffy face, increased body hair growth, acne, insomnia, and increase appetite

Front 5

What are some examples of Biguanides, an oral hypoglycemic agent?

Back 5

Metformin and phenformim

Front 6

Orinase is the prototype for what oral hypglycemic agent?

Back 6

Tolbutamine

Front 7

Tolbutamide realses insulin from what cells?
Alpha or Beta?

Back 7

Beta

Front 8

What are the side effects of Tolbutamide?

Back 8

Hypoglycemia
*GIT: nausea, stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhea.
*Cutaneous reactions: rashes and photsensitivity
*Disulfiram like realction (headache, nausea, and flushing) after consumption of alcohol.

Front 9

What are the therapeutic uses of tolbutmaide?

Back 9

used to treat patients with Type II diabetes, who cannot be treated with diet alone or who are unwilling to take insulin if dietary control fails.

Front 10

What are the three hormones produced by the Adrenal cortex?

Back 10

Minderalcorticoidsfrom zona glomerulosa (Aldosterone, fludrocortisone {Florinef})
Glucocorticioids from the zona fasciculata (cortisol hydrocortisone {Cortef}, prenisone {deltasone}, dexamethasone {decadron}, bethamethasone {celestone})
adrenal androgens from the zona reticularis.

Front 11

What are the functions of mineralocorticoids?

Back 11

-Casue reabsorptions of sodium and water from kidneys
-Responisble for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

Front 12

What are the functions of glucocorticoids?

Back 12

-Metabolic: stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis,a nd protein catabolism
-Anatiinflammatory actions: inhibition of protagladin and leukotriene biosynthesis. Increase resistance to stress.

Front 13

The following are side effects of which adrenal corticosteroid?
-hypernatremia (excess NA+)
-Hypokalemia
-Fluid retention and edema; hypertension

Back 13

Mineralocorticoids

Front 14

Glucocorticoids have what side effects on the Metabolic system, GI tract, CNS,and eye?

Back 14

Metabolic: weight gain, hperglycemia, oseoporosis, and muslce wasting.
GI: Gastric ulcers
CNS: Psychosis
Eye: cataract, gaucoma

Front 15

What adrenal corticosteroid causes Cushing's syndrome?

Back 15

Glucocorticoids

Front 16

What is a is function of the Endocrine System?

Back 16

1) To mainatian internal homeostasis through the use of endogenous chemicals known as hormones.

Front 17

What are Hormones and what is their place in the Endocrine System?

Back 17

Hormones are chemical messengers released into the circulation to act on target organs which may be located at some distance from the site of hormonal release.

Front 18

What is the function of the Thyroid gland?

Back 18

The thyroid gland facilitates normal growth and maturation by maintaining the level of metabolism in tissues that is optimal for their normal function.

Front 19

Name two major thryoid hormaones.

Back 19

1) Triiodothyronine (T3)
2) Thyroxine (T4)

Front 20

What controls the function of the thyroid?

Back 20

Trophic hormone and thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary.

Front 21

What effect do throid hormones play on Thermogenesis?

Back 21

Increase in basal metabolic rate.

Front 22

What are the effects of the thyroid homones on growth and development?

Back 22

Facilitate normal growth and development by enhancing the release of growth hormones.

Front 23

What is Cretinism?

Back 23

Severe mental and physical retardation associated with lack of thyroid hormone in children.

Front 24

What is the effect of thyroid hormones on the CVS?

Back 24

Increase in heart rate and contractility.

Front 25

What are two thyroid disorders?

Back 25

1) Hypothroidism
2) hyperthyroidism

Front 26

What are characteristics hypothyroidism?

Back 26

lethargy, weight gain, constipation, bradycardia, cold intolerance, weakness

Front 27

What are the characteristics of Hyperthyroidism?

Back 27

Nervousness, weight loss, diarrhea, tachycardia, insomnia, muscle wasting, increased appetite, heat intolerance.

Front 28

Calcitonin is used to treat what?

Back 28

Excessive release of calcium in hypercalcemia and to decrease bone reorption in Paget's disease.

Front 29

What can be done to treat hypothroidism?

Back 29

Replacement therapy with synthetic and natural thyroid hormone preparations

Front 30

Name the natural extracts used to treat hypothyroidism?

Back 30

Thyroid tablets (Armour Thyroid) and thyroglobulin.

Front 31

What are the synthetic treatments used to treat hypothyroidism?

Back 31

Liotrix (Euthroid, Thyrolar) and T3 and T4

Front 32

What is done to treat hyperthyroidism?

Back 32

Reduction of thyroid activity and hormone effects can be accomplished by agents that interfere with the production of thyroid hormones.

Front 33

Agents that interfere with the production of thyroid hormones can occur through what?

Back 33

1) Attenuation of synthesis of thyroid hormones
2) Glandular destruction

Front 34

What 2 drugs interfere with the production of thyroid hormones through the attenuation of synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Back 34

1) thionamides
2) iodide

Front 35

What occurs when gladular destruction is used to interfere with the production of thyroid hormones?

Back 35

1) radiation (radioactice idodide)
2) Surgery

Front 36

Insulin is secreted by what cells?

Back 36

B-cells of the islets of Langerhans

Front 37

Glucagon is secreted by what cells?

Back 37

a-cells of the islets of langerhans

Front 38

True or False? The pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland?

Back 38

True, as an endocrine gland it produces peide hormone secreting insulin and glucagon. As an exocrine gland is is in control of digestive enzymes.

Front 39

What triggers the insulin release in blood glucose levels?

Back 39

The pancreas

Front 40

What is the chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia which is due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance?

Back 40

Diabetes mellitus

Front 41

What are the two main forms of diabetes?

Back 41

1. Type I (juvenile-onset, insulin dependent diabetes)
2. Type II (maturity-onset, non insulin dependent diabetes)

Front 42

What occurs in type II diabetes?

Back 42

Decreased senstivity of peripheral tissues (liver & skeletal muscle) to circulate insulin, causing insulin resistance.

Front 43

What occurs in type I diabetes?

Back 43

There is complete failure of pancreatic B-cells function.

Front 44

Drugs used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus are what agents?

Back 44

insuli and oral hypoglycemic

Front 45

Sources of insulin can be isolated from?

Back 45

-Animal sources (beef and pork)
-Human insulin is produced synthetically by recombinant DNA technology.

Front 46

What is the majory pharmacological action of insulin?

Back 46

To lower blood glucose levels.

Front 47

What type of hormone is insulin?

Back 47

Anabolic

Front 48

What are insulin's effects on the liver and on muscle?

Back 48

Liver: inhibits glycogenolysis and promotes glucose storage as glycogen

Muscle: Increased glycogen synthesis

Front 49

How are insulin preparations classified?

Back 49

They are classified according to onset, duration and intensity of action.

Front 50

What are the side effects of insulin?

Back 50

-Hypoglycemia
*initial symptoms include headache, sweating, tachycardia, hunger, and fatigue: may prodceed to mental consuion, convulsions, coma and death.
-Allergic reactions due to antigen-antibody reactions
-Weight gain

Front 51

How are insulin preparations classified?

Back 51

They are classified according to onset, duration and intensity of action.

Front 52

Sulfnylureas and Biguanides are examples of what?

Back 52

Oral hypoglycemic agents that are able to effectively lower blood sugar.

Front 53

Tolbutamide, tolazamide (tolinase), chlorpropamide (diabinese) and glipizide (glucotrol) are examples of what oral hypoglycemic agent?

Back 53

Sulfonylureas

Front 54

Iodide and Radioactive Iodide are used to control hyperthyroidism in what disease?

Back 54

Graves' disease

Front 55

What is Graves' disease?

Back 55

Thyrotoxicosis auto-immune thyroid disease resulting in excess thyroxine hormone.

Front 56

What are the characteristics of radioactive iodine, in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

Back 56

It can selectively destroy thyroid tissues in hyperthyroid patients and is active orally and can be rapidly incorporated into the thyroid glad.

Front 57

True or False? Bone is a dynamic tissue which occasionally undergoes changes in mineral content and internal structure.

Back 57

False. Bone is a dynamic tissue which CONSTANTLY undergoes changes in mineral content and internal structure.

Front 58

What controls the balance between bone resorption and formation?

Back 58

-Parathriod hormone (PTH)
-Vitamin D
-Clacitonin

Front 59

What do parathyroid cells monitor?

Back 59

Plasma calcium levels

Front 60

A decrease in this activates the release of parathyroid hormone?

Back 60

plasma calcium

Front 61

PTH (parathyroid hormone) increases blood calcium levles by altering calcium metabolism in?

Back 61

-bone
-kidnys
-GI tract

Front 62

A decrease in calcium in the blood causes an increase in PTH and what other substances?

Back 62

-Bone: increase in bone resorption
-Kidneys: increase in the production of Vit. D
-GI tract: increase in calcium absorption (Vit. D)

Front 63

What are four conditions associated with deficiency of calcium/vitamin D?

Back 63

-rickets
-osteoporosis
-osteomalacia
-hypoparathyroidism

Front 64

Pagets's disease is a condition assocated with what?

Back 64

Excess calcium

Front 65

What can be done to treat calcium deficiency?

Back 65

-Calcium Supplements
-Vitamin D analogues

Front 66

What do calcium supplements prevent?

Back 66

Used to prevent bone loss in conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalcia, and hypoparathyroidism.

Front 67

Calcitriol (Calcijex) and caldifediol (calderol) are examples of?

Back 67

Vitamin D analogues

Front 68

What do vitamin D analogues do?

Back 68

Used to enhance bone mineralization in conditions such as osteodystrophy, rickets, osteomalacia and hypoparathyroidism.

Front 69

Calcitonin is used to treat what?

Back 69

Excessive release of calcium

Front 70

How does Iodide used to treat hyperthyroidsim?

Back 70

In high concentrations, iodide can suppress thyroid function by inhibiting all steps invovled in thyroid hormone biosynthesis.

Front 71

Thionamides are used to treat what?

Back 71

Hyperthyroidism

Front 72

What are some examples of Thionamides, which are used to treat hyperthyroidism?

Back 72

-Propylthiouracil (Propyl-thyracil)
-Methimazole (Tapazole)

Front 73

How do Thionamides, which are used to treat hyperthyroidism, work?

Back 73

Inhibition of thyroidal peroxidase.

Front 74

Whare are the therapeutic uses of thionamides?

Back 74

Treatment of hyperthyroidism due to Graves disease.