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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Hormones are chemical messengers including
Amides & amino acids, protein, & steroids.
Amides and amines hormones are
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Thyroid hormones
What does dopamine do
Regulate blood pressure and cardiac output
Is protein able to cross the cell membrane
No, they are too big, the receptor site is usually on the cell membrane
Protein hormones include
Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH), Angiotensin, GH, Insulin, Parathyroid, Prolactin, Thyroid Stimulatin Hormone (TSH), Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Are steroids able to cross through cell membrances
Yes, they enter the cell membrane receptor and directly affect the receptor inside.
Steroids include
Aldosterone, Glucocorticoids, Estrogens, Progesterone and Testosterone.
How are hormones secreted
Constantly by the kidneys or deactivated by the liver
The amount of time hormones are in circulation
NE- seconds short effect of stress, thyroid is days b/c it must be steady.
Hormone transportation is by
Proteins, steroids,
Proteins transport how
Usually alone in the blood which is why we can draw blood and measure the level of protein hormones.
How do proteins get into the cell
They bing to the cell membrane and the second messanger causes the message to get inside the cell and initate the cell for its effect
Steroid and thyroid hormones are carried how
In the blood on protein cells
How do steroid and thyroid hormones cause their function
They bind to the nucleus receptors inside the cell and cause the specific effect to occur.
Different carriers of steroid hormones include
Protein and lipid globbulins. Corticosteroid binding globulin, sex hormone binding globulin, thyroid binding globulin, and albumin.
Albumin is transported on a
Lipid
The target cell response differs due to the
Amount of hormone binding to the receptors and number of receptor available, lots of hormone cause a big response, low amount will only cause a little response.
Things affecting the delivery of hormones to the receptor sites
Hypertension & aging
What happens to hormones with age
Cell sensitivity and hormone production decreases
What is the most common diagnosed hormone deficiency
Hypothyroidism, it oftenly starts out as hyperthyroidism but burns out and leads to hypo.
With age, women are often hypothyroid because
Thyroid hormone release is based on stimulus of other hormones, when some are missing, TH release decrease.
How are hormone levels controlled
Regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary, feedback regulation, physiologic axis regulation and hypo or hyperfunctioning results for compensation.
Hypothalamic pituitary regulation includes
The portal anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary that extends from the hypothalamus tract.
Feedback regulation does what
Causes negative feedback to bring down hormone release or positive feedback that raises hormone release.
The physiologic axis includes the
Protein based hormones (NOT steroids) that are produced by the *hypothalamus or *anterior pituitary that release into the blood stream and travel to *end organ.
Hypofunction occurs due to
Interrupted blood flow, congenital defects, infections, autoimmune responses, & inflammation
Hyperfunctioning occurs when
there is an ectopic (occurance in the wrong place) production
How are hormones measured
Some on the blood some by the end organ
Primary disorders occur when
The end organ cant put out the hormone
What is a primary disorder cause
Thyroidectomy or adrenalectomy
Secondary disorders occur when
Physiological disorders = When hypothalamus or anterior pituitary cannot put out the hormone
An example of a secondary disorder is
Most commonly due to tumors especially pituitary tumors. The removal of the pituitary gland
Growth hormone is also known as
Somatotropin
GH production should occur until we die because it is essential for
Tissue healing and tissue generation
How does tissue healing and generation occur because of Gh
Gh is able to produce insulin and increase glucose needed to healing.
GH is produced how
GHRH stimulated the production of GH that takes place in the anterior pituitary
What inhibits GH
Somatostatin
What is the half life of GH
20 – 60 minutes
The greatest production of GH occurs when
1-4 hours after sleep, during stages 3 and 4.
Who has more GH
Children
What does Abnormal levels of GH hormone do
Increase growth of the bones: bone width (linear growth normal for kids) and growth of the tissues visceral organs, endocrine organs, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscles.
GH is given to
Patients with a bad trauma and kids who can’t grow bc it acceletated tissue development and also abused by athletes to recover fast from injuries.
Why is GH bad
Hypertrophy of the heart, big abdomen
GH effects what
Insulin production and is responsible for glucose increase.
The release of Gh is caused by what stimulants
Hypoglycemia, fasting and starvation because GH mobilized glucose from the glycogen stores in the liver and is able to produce insulin to assist the glucose into the cells that is needed for energy.
Gh release is inhibited by what
Hyperglycemia, free fatty acids, and cortisol
What genetic childhood disorder creates hyperglycemia
Willis syndrome because GH is not released, it is not related to diabetes, they are hyperglycemic because glucose is unable to move into the cell and the cells become starved causing them so eat allll the time so they are short and fat.
GH stops by free fatty acid release from adipose tissue because of
Lipolysis triggered by catecholamines, insulin, glucagon, cytokines, and TNF.
Cortisol inhibits GH when there is
a response to stress