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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hormones are chemical messengers including
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Amides & amino acids, protein, & steroids.
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Amides and amines hormones are
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Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Thyroid hormones
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What does dopamine do
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Regulate blood pressure and cardiac output
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Is protein able to cross the cell membrane
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No, they are too big, the receptor site is usually on the cell membrane
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Protein hormones include
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Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH), Angiotensin, GH, Insulin, Parathyroid, Prolactin, Thyroid Stimulatin Hormone (TSH), Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Are steroids able to cross through cell membrances
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Yes, they enter the cell membrane receptor and directly affect the receptor inside.
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Steroids include
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Aldosterone, Glucocorticoids, Estrogens, Progesterone and Testosterone.
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How are hormones secreted
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Constantly by the kidneys or deactivated by the liver
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The amount of time hormones are in circulation
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NE- seconds short effect of stress, thyroid is days b/c it must be steady.
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Hormone transportation is by
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Proteins, steroids,
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Proteins transport how
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Usually alone in the blood which is why we can draw blood and measure the level of protein hormones.
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How do proteins get into the cell
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They bing to the cell membrane and the second messanger causes the message to get inside the cell and initate the cell for its effect
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Steroid and thyroid hormones are carried how
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In the blood on protein cells
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How do steroid and thyroid hormones cause their function
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They bind to the nucleus receptors inside the cell and cause the specific effect to occur.
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Different carriers of steroid hormones include
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Protein and lipid globbulins. Corticosteroid binding globulin, sex hormone binding globulin, thyroid binding globulin, and albumin.
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Albumin is transported on a
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Lipid
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The target cell response differs due to the
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Amount of hormone binding to the receptors and number of receptor available, lots of hormone cause a big response, low amount will only cause a little response.
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Things affecting the delivery of hormones to the receptor sites
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Hypertension & aging
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What happens to hormones with age
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Cell sensitivity and hormone production decreases
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What is the most common diagnosed hormone deficiency
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Hypothyroidism, it oftenly starts out as hyperthyroidism but burns out and leads to hypo.
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With age, women are often hypothyroid because
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Thyroid hormone release is based on stimulus of other hormones, when some are missing, TH release decrease.
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How are hormone levels controlled
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Regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary, feedback regulation, physiologic axis regulation and hypo or hyperfunctioning results for compensation.
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Hypothalamic pituitary regulation includes
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The portal anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary that extends from the hypothalamus tract.
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Feedback regulation does what
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Causes negative feedback to bring down hormone release or positive feedback that raises hormone release.
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The physiologic axis includes the
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Protein based hormones (NOT steroids) that are produced by the *hypothalamus or *anterior pituitary that release into the blood stream and travel to *end organ.
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Hypofunction occurs due to
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Interrupted blood flow, congenital defects, infections, autoimmune responses, & inflammation
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Hyperfunctioning occurs when
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there is an ectopic (occurance in the wrong place) production
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How are hormones measured
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Some on the blood some by the end organ
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Primary disorders occur when
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The end organ cant put out the hormone
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What is a primary disorder cause
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Thyroidectomy or adrenalectomy
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Secondary disorders occur when
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Physiological disorders = When hypothalamus or anterior pituitary cannot put out the hormone
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An example of a secondary disorder is
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Most commonly due to tumors especially pituitary tumors. The removal of the pituitary gland
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Growth hormone is also known as
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Somatotropin
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GH production should occur until we die because it is essential for
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Tissue healing and tissue generation
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How does tissue healing and generation occur because of Gh
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Gh is able to produce insulin and increase glucose needed to healing.
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GH is produced how
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GHRH stimulated the production of GH that takes place in the anterior pituitary
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What inhibits GH
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Somatostatin
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What is the half life of GH
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20 – 60 minutes
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The greatest production of GH occurs when
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1-4 hours after sleep, during stages 3 and 4.
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Who has more GH
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Children
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What does Abnormal levels of GH hormone do
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Increase growth of the bones: bone width (linear growth normal for kids) and growth of the tissues visceral organs, endocrine organs, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscles.
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GH is given to
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Patients with a bad trauma and kids who can’t grow bc it acceletated tissue development and also abused by athletes to recover fast from injuries.
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Why is GH bad
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Hypertrophy of the heart, big abdomen
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GH effects what
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Insulin production and is responsible for glucose increase.
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The release of Gh is caused by what stimulants
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Hypoglycemia, fasting and starvation because GH mobilized glucose from the glycogen stores in the liver and is able to produce insulin to assist the glucose into the cells that is needed for energy.
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Gh release is inhibited by what
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Hyperglycemia, free fatty acids, and cortisol
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What genetic childhood disorder creates hyperglycemia
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Willis syndrome because GH is not released, it is not related to diabetes, they are hyperglycemic because glucose is unable to move into the cell and the cells become starved causing them so eat allll the time so they are short and fat.
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GH stops by free fatty acid release from adipose tissue because of
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Lipolysis triggered by catecholamines, insulin, glucagon, cytokines, and TNF.
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Cortisol inhibits GH when there is
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a response to stress
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