Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
An abnormal location of the opening of the urethra along the ventral aspect of the penis is called what?
|
Hypospadias.
|
|
|
An abnormal location of the opening of the urethra along the dorsal aspect of the penis is called what?
|
Epispadias.
|
|
|
Hypospadias & Epispadias:
Associated with what anomaly? Can lead to what conditions? |
Cryptorchidism (absence of one or both testes from scrotum).
Urinary tract obstuction & infection. Can also cause sterility. |
|
|
An inflammation of the glans (head) penis is called what?
|
Balanitis.
|
|
|
An inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce is called what?
|
Balanoposthitis.
|
|
|
An inability to easily retract the prpuce (foreskin) over the glans penis is called what?
|
Phimosis.
|
|
|
Carcinoma in situ of the penis:
1. This is a grayish-white solitary, plaque-like lesion of the shaft. Additional risk of what? 2. This is an erythematous patch of the glans penis. 3. This is a venereally transmitted viral lesion of the shaft with reddish-brown papules. |
1. Bowen Disease. 10% progression to invasive SSC. Additional risk of Lower Resp. Tract, GI, UT malig.
2. Erythroplasia of Queyrat. 3. Bowenoid papulosis. |
|
|
What is the most common form of penis neoplasm?
Who is typical patient? |
Squamous cell carcinoma (.25% of cancers in men). Relatively good survival rate.
Patients are usually uncircumcised, over 40, have poor hygiene, positive for HPV 16 & 18. |
|
|
What is a non-neoplastic scrotal enlargement due to excess serous fluid?
|
Hydrocele. Most common type of non-neoplastic scrotal enlargement.
|
|
|
What is a non-neoplastic scrotal enlargement due to excess blood?
|
Hematocele.
|
|
|
What is a non-neoplastic scrotal enlargement due to excess lymph fluid?
|
Chylocele.
|
|
|
What is a non-neoplastic scrotal enlargement due to enlarged spermatic cord veins?
|
Varicocele.
|
|
|
What is a non-neoplastic scrotal enlargement due to dilated efferent ductule of epididymus?
|
Spermatocele.
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement?
|
Hydrocele.
|
|
|
What is a failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum?
|
Cryptorchidsm. .07-.08% incidence in males.
|
|
|
What is the normal process of testicular descent?
|
3rd month in utero--from coelomic cavity into the pelvis.
Last 2 months in utero--through inguinal canals into upper scrotum. Complete descent between birth and age one. |
|
|
What are some consequences of chryptorchidism?
|
1. If bilateral, sterility (orchiopexy can restore fertility).
2. 4x increased risk of testicular cancer.*** |
|
|
What are 2 different types of testicular inflammations & what causes them?
|
1. Epididymitis--caused by extension of UTI or specific infections (Clamydia, Gonorrhoeae, Tuberculosis).
2. Orchitis--caused by extension of UTI, Mumps, TB. |
|
|
Testicular Neoplasms:
How many are malignant? Which are most frequent? |
95%.
Seminoma, Embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma. |
|
|
Testicular Neoplasms:
Stage I, II, III? |
I: Confined to testes.
II: Metastasis confined to retroperitoneal nodes below diaphram. III: Metastasis beyond retroperitoneal lymph nodes. |
|
|
What are 2 tumor markers that are secreted by germ-cell neoplasms?
|
1. Human chorionic gonadotrophin
2. Alpha-fetoprotein |
|
|
What is an inflammation of the prostate gland called?
|
Prostatitis.
|
|
|
What are 3 types of prostatitis?
|
1. Acute bacterial
2. Chronic bacterial 3. Chronic abacterial |
|
|
What are some of the clinical features of prostatitis?
|
1. Dysurea
2. Increased urinary frequency 3. Lower back pain 4. Poorly localized pelvic pain 5. Enlarged prostate 6. Fever & leukocytosis (if acute). 7. Reservoir for UTI |
|
|
Nodular Hyperplasia:
Common? What are the clinical features? |
90% of men by age 80.
1. Urinary tract obstruction. 2. Hesitancy and interuption of urinary stream. 3. Increased frequency of urination. 4. Higher risk of UTI. 5. Complete obstruction can cause bladder distension & hydronephrosis. |
|
|
What is the 1st most common cause of cancer deaths in US?
2nd most? |
1st--Lung.
2nd--Prostate. |
|
|
What are the etiologic factors in prostate cancer?
|
1. Hormonal.
2. Genetic. 3. Environmental--Sat. fat in diet. |
|
|
What is PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)?
|
It is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by prostate acinar cells.
It increases sperm motility by maintaining liquidity of seminal fluid. Elevated PSA found in Prostatitis, Nodular hyperplasia, and Carcinoma. |
|
|
This enzyme is elevated when prostate cancer has extended beyond the capsule or has metastasized.
|
Acid Phosphatase.
|
|
|
Gleason system of grading:
1 vs. 5? |
1--Most well-differentiated tumors. Well-circumscribed nodules.
5--No glandular differentiation. Tumor cells infiltrate stroma. |
|
|
Why are gleason grades often larger than 5?
|
Because they combine a grade for a dominant pattern and a grade for a subdominant pattern.
With only one pattern, the number is doubled. 2-4: Well-differentiated 5-6: Intermediate 7: Moderate to poor differntiation 8-10: High grade cancer (very poor prognosis) |
|
|
TNM Staging:
T1, T2, T3, T4? |
T1: Found incidentally most often.
T2: Organ confined. T3: Extraprostatic extension. T4: Spread to lymph nodes. |
