Endocrine/lymphatic

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2 systems that regulate homeostasis

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nervous (fast response)
endocrine (slow response)

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endocrine organs and tissues produce hormones that slowly cause changes in

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metabolism

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a stimulus that causes a response that reduces or removes a stimulus

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negative feedback

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hypothalamus secretes

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ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones

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anterior pituitary secretes

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ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH

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posterior pituitary secretes

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OT and ADH

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thyroid gland secretes

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thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T4)
calcitonin (CT)

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thymus secretes

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thymosins

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adrenal medulla secretes

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E and NE

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adrenal cortex secretes

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cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, and androgens

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pineal gland secretes

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melatonin

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parathyroid gland secretes

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PTH

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heart secretes

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ANP and BNP

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kidney secretes

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renin
erythropoietin (EPO)
calcitriol

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adipose tissue secretes

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leptin
resistin

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pancreatic islets secrete

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insulin and glucagon

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testes secrete

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androgens (testosterone) and inhibin

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ovaries secrete

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progesterone, estrogen, inhibin

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shaped like flattened funnel- located below thalamus in diencephalon- forms floor and wall of third ventricle

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hypothalamus

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links nervous system to endocrine system via pituitary gland

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hypothalamus

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regulates water balance, thermoregulation, sex drive and childbirth

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hypothalamus

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located below the hypothalamus in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
size and shape of kidney bean

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pituitary gland

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master gland- produces hormones that control other endocrine glands

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pituitary glands

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arises from hypophyseal pouch- produces hormones

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anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

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down growth from brain- doesn't produce hormones but does store and secrete hypothalamic-produced hormones

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posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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growth hormone (GH)

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promotes growth of most of cells and tissues in body

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prolactin (PRL)

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stimulates milk production after childbirth

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adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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stimulates adrenal glands

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thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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stimulates thyroid

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follicle stimulating hormone

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stimulates ovaries and testes

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lutenizing hormone (LH)

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stimulates ovaries and testes

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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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controls skin pigmentation

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oxytocin (OT)

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contracts uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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increases absorption of water by kidneys by concentrating urine and reducing urine volume

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OT and ADH both produced by

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hypothalamus

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located in midbrain- attached to roof of third ventricle beneath posterior end of corpus callosum
size of pea

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pineal gland

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pineal gland secretes

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melatonin

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melatonin

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"hormone of darkness"
suspected to regulate sleep-wake cycles or circadian rhythms
production is inhibited by light and peaks in middle of night
implicated in SAD

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parathyroid glands

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usually 4 glands located on posterior surface of thyroid gland

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parathyroid glands secret

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PTH

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parathyroid hormone

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increases blood Ca level by stimulating dissolution of bone matrix
stimulates Ca+ uptake in digestive system and decreases urinary excretion/stimulates reabsoprtion of Ca+ in kidneys

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thyroid gland

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located in anterior aspect of neck, inferior to thyroid cartilage and superior to trachea

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thyroid gland secretes

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Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronin (T3), and calcitonin

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T4

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major form of thyroid hormone, less active, converted to T3

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T3

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increases basal metabolic rate and ATP production

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hyperthyroidism

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too much T3/T4 people usually thin, restless, emotionally unstable, fatigue easily

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calcitonin

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decreases blood Ca2+ level by storing Ca2+ in bone matrix and inhibiting dissolution

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thymus

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located at base of neck, produces lymphocytes and aids in immunity, atrophies w/ age

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thymus plays role in what 3 systems?

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endocrine, lymphatic, immune

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thymus secretes

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thymosins (thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin)

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thymosins

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promotes maturation of T-lymphocytes

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adrenal glands

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located superior to kidneys

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adrenal glands secrete

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E, NE, cortisol (hydrocortisone), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), sex hormone precursors (DHEA)

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adrenal medulla secretes

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E and NE

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epinephrine and norepinephrine

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released in response to stress. increases HR, dilates pupils, constricts arterioles, promotes digestion of fat and elevates blood sugar, increase muscle readiness (fight or flight)

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adrenal cortex secretes

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cortisol (hydrocortisone)
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
sex hormone precursors (DHEA)

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cortisol (hydrocortisone)

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increases BP and blood sugar levels

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mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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regulates sodium and potassium levels in blood, elevates blood pressure

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sex hormone precursors (DHEA)

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secreted by adrenal glands and converted in estrogen or testosterone in other tissues- steroid hormone, controls dev't and maintenance of sexual characteristics

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pancreas

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located between stomach and small intestine

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pancreas secretes

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insulin, glucagon

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glucagon

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raises blood sugar levels by catabolizing glycogen to glucose

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insulin

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lowers blood sugar levels by accelerating glucose uptake and glycogenesis

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diabetes mellitus

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glucose cannot enter cells and blood glucose levels exceed normal concentrations

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type I

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cells do not produce enough insulin and cells are not stimulated to take in glucose (insulin-dependent)

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type II

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body becomes less responsive to insulin although body produces enough

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ovaries and testes secrete

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testosterone and estrogen

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testosterone

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principal male sex hormone

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estrogen

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promote dev't and maintenance of feminine characteristics

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lymphatic system includes

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lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
thymus gland

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lymphatic vessels

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aka lymphatics
transport lymph from tissues to veins of cardiovascular system
like veins: similar walls and have valves
closed on arterial capillary side

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thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

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return lymph to venous circulation
only lymph not returned by thoracic is that from vessels in right arm and right side of head, neck, and chest

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2 major types of lymphatic structures

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encapsulated lymph organs
diffuse lymphoid tissues

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encapsulated lymph organs

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tonsils, spleen, thymus

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diffuse lymphoid tissues

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lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

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lymph nodes

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encapsulated lymph organs
acts like filter (removes microbes, debris)
found throughout body (breast and upper neck under jaw)
encapsulated in dense connective capsule

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what do swollen lymph nodes mean?

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increase in lymphocytes. body trying to fight something off

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cortex of lymph nodes

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contain sinuses

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medulla of lymph nodes

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has medullary cords of lymphocytes

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lymphocytes produced

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in germinal centers of cortex

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lymph enters/leaves lymph nodes by way of

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afferent lymphatic vessels/efferent lymphatic vessels

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lymphoid nodules

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diffuse lymphoid tissue
underlining of digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems
also have lymphocytes

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example of lymphoid nodules

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tonsils

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tonsils

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lymphoic nodules in pharynx

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tonsillitus

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microbes infect tonsils and they swell
can normally be treated w/ antibiotics, but if it's recurrent, tonsils are removed

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spleen

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largest lymphatic organ
encapsulated lymph organ
tissue (pulp) has white and red pulp

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white pulp

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has large number of lymphocytes

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red pulp

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has blood flowing through it; phagocytes remove abnormal RBCs and other antigens

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splenic and trabecular arteries are surrounded w/

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white pulp

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thymus gland (lymphatic)

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works w/ endocrine gland
encapsulated lymph organ
dev't of functional immune system in infants
maturation of lymphocytes in adults

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what is general name for types of organs that produce hormones?

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endocrine glands

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what name is given to cells or tissues receptive to hormones?

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target cells (target areas)

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melatonin is secreted by what gland?

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pineal gland

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where is ADH stored?

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neurohypophysis

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what is effect of TSH, and where is it produced?

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stimulates thyroid gland to secrete TH. produced in adenohypophysis

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what connects two lobes of thyroid gland?

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isthmus

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does parathormone increase or decrease calcium levels in blood?

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increase

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what does glucagon do as hormone, and where is it produced?

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increases blood glucose levels, and its produced in pancreatic islet cells

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which hormones in adrenal gland control water and electrolyte balance?

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corticosteroid hormones

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what is primary gland that secretes epinephrine?

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adrenal medulla

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where is GH produced?

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adenohypophysis

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what is another name for T3?

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triiodothyronine

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identify 3 layers of adrenal cortex and list hormones produced by each layer

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zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids
zona reticularis: glucocorticoids and sex hormones

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interstitial cells produce which hormone?

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testosterone

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what structures are responsible for production of estrogen?

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ovaries

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what type of tissue makes up endothelium of capillaries?

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simple squamous epithelium

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what functional advantage does this tissue type provide to the capillary?

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simple squamous epithelium is very thin and allows for diffusion across cell membranes

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trace flow of lymph system from region of lymph capillaries to subclavian veins

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lymph capillaries, enters afferent lymphatic, lymph node (cleansed), efferent lymphatic, travels in lymphatic vessels to subclavian vein

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what is name of inner and outer region of lymph node? describe their function.

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medulla: inner region of lymph node and cleanses lymph as passes thru node
cortex: has many nodules and is packed w/ lymphocytes

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once tissue fluid enters lymphatic vessels, what is it called? what might be found in this fluid?

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tissue fluid in lymphatic vessels is called lymph. lymph contains tissue fluid, old cells, bacteria, or other microorganisms

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name vessel that takes lymph to node.

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afferent lymphatic vessel

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name vessel that takes lymph away from lymph node.

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efferent lymphatic vessel

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adenoids are enlarged ____ tonsils

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pharyngeal

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which tonsils are found on sides of oral cavity?

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palatine tonsils

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blood is recycled by which lymph organ in the adult?

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spleen

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what part of the spleen is involved in storage of monocytes?

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white pulp of spleen

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where do T cells become immunocompetent?

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thymus gland

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where in picture of elephantiasis did blockage occur

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popliteal region of left leg and antecubital region of left upper extremity

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what effect would removal of lymph nodes have on drainage of pectoral region?

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removal of lymph nodes on axillary region would cause edema, or swelling of pectoral region