Endocrine Hormones

Front 1

GH
(Growth Hormone)

Back 1

protein that stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by promoting protein synthesis. This hormone drastically affects the appearance of an individual because it influences height.
From Anterior Lobe

Front 2

TSH
(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Back 2

Glandular cells of the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone. When there is a hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone, the thyroid gland enlarges and secretes too much thyroid hormone.
From Anterior Lobe

Front 3

ACTH
(Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Back 3

reacts with receptor sites in the cortex of the adrenal gland to stimulate the secretion of cortical hormones, particularly cortisol.
(Anterior lobe)

Front 4

Gonadotropic hormones

Back 4

react with receptor sites in the gonads, or ovaries and testes, to regulate the development, growth, and function of these organs.

(Anterior Lobe)

Front 5

Prolactin hormone

Back 5

promotes the development of glandular tissue in the female breast during pregnancy and stimulates milk production after the birth of the infant.

(Anterior Lobe)

Front 6

ADH
(Antidiuretic Hormone)

Back 6

promotes the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules, with the result that less water is lost as urine. This mechanism conserves water for the body. Insufficient amounts of antidiuretic hormone cause excessive water loss in the urine
(Posterior Pituitary)

Front 7

Oxytocin

Back 7

causes contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus. It also stimulates the ejection of milk from the lactating breast.
(Posterior Pituitary)

Front 8

Melatonin

Back 8

synthesized by pinealocytes this hormone is secreted directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, which takes it into the blood. It affects reproductive development and daily physiologic cycles.
(Pineal Gland)

Front 9

Calcitonin

Back 9

secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland this hormone opposes the action of the parathyroid glands by reducing the calcium level in the blood. If blood calcium becomes too high, it is secreted until calcium ion levels decrease to normal.

Front 10

PTH
(parathyroid hormone)

Back 10

This is most important regulator of blood calcium levels. The hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels, and its effect is to increase those levels.

Front 11

Mineralocorticoids

Back 11

secreted by the outermost region of the adrenal cortex. The principal mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, which acts to conserve sodium ions and water in the body.

Front 12

Glucocorticoids

Back 12

secreted by the middle region of the adrenal cortex. The principal glucocorticoid is cortisol, which increases blood glucose levels

Front 13

gonadocorticoids

Back 13

These are secreted by the innermost region. Male hormones, androgens, and female hormones, estrogens, are secreted in minimal amounts in both sexes by the adrenal cortex, but their effect is usually masked by the hormones from the testes and ovaries. In females, the masculinization effect of androgen secretion may become evident after menopause, when estrogen levels from the ovaries decrease.

Front 14

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 14

These two hormones are secreted in response to stimulation by sympathetic nerve, particularly during stressful situations. A lack of hormones from the adrenal medulla produces no significant effects. Hypersecretion, usually from a tumor, causes prolonged or continual sympathetic responses.

Front 15

Dopamine

Back 15

derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. Its principal function in the hypothalamus is to inhibit the release of prolactin (PRL) from the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

Front 16

Somatostatin

Back 16

acts on the anterior lobe of the pituitary to
inhibit the release of growth hormone (GH)
inhibit the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
It is also secreted by cells in the pancreas and in the intestine where it inhibits the secretion of a variety of other hormones

Front 17

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Back 17

its acts on cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Also synthesized by the placenta and seems to determine the duration of pregnancy. It may also play a role in keeping the T cells of the mother from mounting an immune attack against the fetus.

Front 18

Somatostatin

Back 18

The delta cells secrete somatostatin. Somatostatin has a variety of functions. Taken together, they work to reduce the rate at which food is absorbed from the contents of the intestine.

Somatostatin is also secreted by the hypothalamus and by the intestine.

Front 19

Amylin

Back 19

inhibits the secretion of glucagon;
slows the emptying of the stomach;
sends a satiety signal to the brain.
Secreted by Beta Cells

Front 20

Gastrin

Back 20

It is secreted by cells in the stomach and duodenum
It stimulates the exocrine cells of the stomach to secrete gastric juice, a mixture of
hydrochloric acid and
the proteolytic enzyme pepsin.

Front 21

Secretin

Back 21

It is secreted by cells in the duodenum when they are exposed to the acidic contents of the emptying stomach.
It stimulates the exocrine portion of the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into the pancreatic fluid

Front 22

CCK

Back 22

It is secreted by cells in the duodenum and jejunum when they are exposed to food.
It acts
on the gall bladder stimulating it to contract and force its contents of bile into the intestine
on the pancreas stimulating the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes into the pancreatic fluid.
CCK also acts on vagal neurons leading back to the medulla oblongata which give a satiety signal

Front 23

NPY

Back 23

It is a potent feeding stimulant and causes increased storage of ingested food as fat

Front 24

Ghrelin

Back 24

Ghrelin is secreted by endocrine cells in the stomach, especially when one is hungry and
acts on the hypothalamus to stimulate feeding.
This action counteracts the inhibition of feeding by leptin and PYY

Front 25

IGF1

Back 25

Growth hormone released from the anterior lobe of the pituitary

binds to receptors on the surface of liver cells which
stimulates the synthesis and release of IGF-1 from them.
Many cells have receptors for IGF-1, especially cells in the bone marrow and in the cartilaginous growing regions of the long bones.

Binding of IGF-1 to cells with receptors for it stimulates them to move from G1 of the cell cycle to S phase and on to mitosis.

Front 26

Leptin

Back 26

It is manufactured in fat cells (adipose tissue), and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body.

Leptin acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain where it:
counteracts the effects of neuropeptide Y (a potent feeding stimulant secreted by cells in the gut and in the hypothalamus);
counteracts the effects of anandamide (another potent feeding stimulant that binds to the same receptors as THC, the active ingredient of marijuana)
promotes the synthesis of α-MSH, an appetite suppressant;
the result: inhibition of food intake.