Endocrine Glands Review Portion For Final

Front 1

What are the functions of the Endocrine System?

Back 1

- Metabolism and tissue maturation

- Ion regulation

- Water balance

- Immune System regulation

- Heart rate and blood pressure regulation

- Control of blood glucose and other nutrients

- Control of reproductive functions

- Uterine contractions and milk release

Front 2

What are the endocrine organ glands?

Back 2

- Hypothalamus

- Pineal Body

- Pituitary Glands

- Thyroid gland

- Parathyroid glands (posterior part of thyroid_

- Thymus

- Adrenal glands

- Pancreas (islets)

- Ovaries (female)

- Testes (male)

Front 3

What is the relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus ?

Back 3

- This is where the nervous and endocrine systems interact

- Hypothalamus regulates secretions of anterior pituitary

Front 4

Posterior pituitary is an extension of the ______.

Back 4

Hypothalamus via infundibulum . It secretes neurohormones.

Front 5

Anterior pituitary produces nine major hormones that ______.

Back 5

- Regulate body functions

- Regulate the secretion of the other endocrine glands

Front 6

What is another name for posterior pituitary gland?

Back 6

Neurohypophysis

Front 7

What is another name for anterior pituitary gland?

Back 7

Adenohypophysis

Front 8

Anterior pituitary consists of three area. What are they?

Back 8

- Pars distalis

- Pars intermedia

- Pars tuberalis

Front 9

What are the "releasing" hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

Back 9

- GHRH (Growth hormone-releasing hormone)

- TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

- CRH (Corticotrpin-releasing hormone)

- *GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hrmone)

- PRH (Prolactin-releasing hormone)

Front 10

What are tropins/ tropic hormones?

Back 10

They are hormones that regulate the hormone secretions of target endocrine tissues. All anterior pituitary hormones are tropins.

Front 11

What are the "inhibiting" hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

Back 11

- GHIH (Growth hormone-inhibitng hormone, somatostatin)

- PIH (Prolactin-inhibiting hormone)

Front 12

What are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 12

- Antidiuretic hormone

- Oxytocin

Front 13

Wha does ADH do?

Back 13

ADH regulates salt and water balance (affects the kidney), it favors retention of water and therefore production of strong, hypertonic urine.

Front 14

What does oxytocin do?

Back 14

For females, they assist in labor contractions and milk ejection

For males, they contract the ductus defers and prostate gland.

Front 15

What are the three thyroid hormones?

Back 15

- T3 or Triiodothyronine

- T4 or Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine

- Calcitonin

Front 16

How does the parathyroid glands control calcium homeostasis?

Back 16

- When there is an increase of calcium in the blood, homeostasis is disturbed and the thyroid gland produces calcitonin. This hormone increases excretion of calcium in the kidney. It also deposits calcium in the bones. Homeostasis is restored.

- When there is a decrease of calcium in the blood, homeostasis is disturbed and the thyroid gland produces PTH (parathyroid hormone). This hormone increases the absorption of calcium by kidneys. Calcium is released from the bone. There is an increase in calcitriol production which causes calcium absorption by the digestive tract. Homeostasis is restored.

Front 17

The endocrine gland of the pancreas are composed of what type of cells?

Back 17

- Alpha Cells

- Beta Cells

- Delta Cells

Front 18

What do Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete?

Back 18

They secrete glucagon

Front 19

What do beta cells secrete?

Back 19

They secrete insulin

Front 20

What do delta cells secrete?

Back 20

They secrete somatostatin.

Front 21

What does Insulin do?

Back 21

Insulin target: liver tissue, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and satiety center of hypothalamus

It increases the uptake of glucose and amino acids by cells.

Front 22

What does glucagon do?

Back 22

It targets liver tissue.

It cause causes the breakdown of glycogen and fats for energy.

Front 23

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Back 23

They are located near the superior poles of the kidneys; retroperitoneal

Front 24

What are the adrenal glands composed of?

Back 24

They are composed of inner medulla and outer cortex.

Front 25

Describe the medulla of the adrenal glands?

Back 25

The medulla is formed from the neural arrest and it assists in sympathetic responses. It secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Front 26

What are the three zones of the cortex?

Back 26

From superficial to deep:

- Zona glomerulosa

- Zona fasciculata

- Zona reticularis

G-F-R

Front 27

What does epinephrine do?

Back 27

Epinephrine increases blood levels of glucose. It increases fat breakdown in adipose tissue. And it causes dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.

Front 28

What hormone does the Zona Glomerulosa of the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

Back 28

It produces mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone is produced in great amounts. It increases the rate of sodium reabsorption by kidneys increasing sodium blood levels.

Front 29

What hormone does the Zona Fasciculata of the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

Back 29

It produces glucocorticoids. Cortisol is a major hormone. It increases fat and protein breakdown, increases glucose synthesis, decreases inflammatory response

Front 30

What hormone does the Zona Reticularis of the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

Back 30

They produce androgens. These weak androgens secreted then converted to testosterone by peripheral tissues. Stimulate pubic and axillary hair growth and sexual drive in females.

Front 31

What hormone does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Back 31

- Epinephrine

- Noepinephrine

Front 32

Where is the pineal gland located? What hormone does it produce?

Back 32

The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus.

It produces melatonin.

Front 33

What does melatonin do?

Back 33

It inhibits GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus. It may help regulate sleep cycles by enhancing the tendency to sleep.

Front 34

What hormones does the testes produce?

Back 34

- Testosterone

- Inhibin

Front 35

What hormone does female ovaries produce?

Back 35

- Estrogen and progesterone

- Inhibin

- Relaxin

Front 36

What does testosterone do?

Back 36

Testosterone regulates production of sperm cells and development and maintenance of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics.

Front 37

What does inhibiin do?

Back 37

Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion

Front 38

What does estrogen and progesterone do?

Back 38

Estrogen and progesterone promotes uterine and mammary gland development and function. The external genitalia structure, secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle

Front 39

What does Relaxin do?

Back 39

Relaxin increases the flexibility of symphysis pubis.

Front 40

True or False.

During pregnancy, the placenta and uterus produce additional hormones that interact with those produced by the ovaries and the pituitary gland to promote normal fetal development and delivery.

Back 40

True.

Front 41

Where is ADH and oxytocin produced?

Back 41

- Hypothalamus, but they are released in the posterior pituitary gland.

Front 42

The thyroid gland lies inferior to the ______ and requires _____ for hormone synthesis.

Back 42

- Larynx

- Iodine