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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Main center of endocrine system? |
Hypothalamus |
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Other factors the hypothalamus controls of the body: |
Appetite Sleep Emotional behavior Body temperature Memory Learning |
6 ASETML |
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Describe an autocrine hormone: |
Binds to its own receptor and controls its production |
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Difference between exocrine and endocrine hormone secretion: |
Exocrine is via a duct Endocrine goes straight into circulation or the blood stream |
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Describe paracrine and intracrine hormone secretion? |
Paracrine: hormone assists other hormone producing or non-producing cells Intracrine: hormone doesn't leave cell to activate |
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How are thyroid hormones produced? |
Via iodination coupled with tyrosine residues |
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Peptide hormones are produced when: |
A large protein is cleaved |
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3 ways hormones can interact: |
Synergistic Permissive Antagonist |
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Two types of hormone receptors: |
Cell surface and intracellular |
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What type of hormones bind to each type of receptor? |
Protein hormone to cell surface Steroid hormone to intracellular |
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Which receptor is faster and why? |
Cell surface because it freely circulates the blood stream |
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Example of hormones that go to cell surface receptor? |
Prolactin Insulin Prostaglandin Growth hormone Noradrenaline |
PIPNG |
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Examples of hormones that have intracellular receptors? |
Sex hormones Aldosterone Androgen Cortisol |
SAAC |
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What is unique about the G-coupled protein receptors? |
7 transmembrane domain receptor |
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When ligand binds to G protein, what second messengers are activated? |
Adenylyl cyclase Phospholipase C |
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G protein coupled receptors mediate for which hormones? |
Catecholamine ACTH prostaglandin Glucagon PTH TSH |
Carl and preeta got pita together |
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What type of enzyme activity do growth factor receptors have? |
Tyrosine kinase |
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Growth factor receptors mediate for what hormones? (3) |
Insulin IGF EGF |
IIE |
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Where does the ligand bind to in the growth factor receptor? |
Axon terminal domain |
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Hormone has to go through a ________ membrane-spanning domain. |
Single |
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What are the receptors for growth hormones? |
Cytokine receptors |
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Cytokine receptors contain _____which gives signals for hormone. |
JAK2 |
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Ligand-regulated receptors are involved in vaso_________. |
Relaxation |
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How does vasorelaxation occur through the ligand receptor? |
Ion channels open Inflow of ions Activate nitric oxide synthase Activates GC activity Which stimulates gCMP which leads to vasodilation |
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Nuclear receptors mediate what kind of hormones? |
Steroid and thyroid hormones |
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How is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior and posterior pituitary glands? |
Anterior: short and long portal blood vessels Posterior: supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
Not the same way |
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What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? |
FSH LH ACTH GH TSH prolactin |
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What are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland? |
ADH Oxytocin |
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Where is the growth hormone (GH) secreted from and what does it control? |
Secreted by placenta and controls cell growth and proliferation |
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What three hormones are secreted by ACTH? |
Aldosterone Cortisol Androgen |
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What is the first sign of puberty in females? |
Axillary hair growth |
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What is prolactin responsible for? |
Mammary glands for breast feeding in pregnant females |
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TSH secreted and produces: |
T3 and T4 |
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Structure of the adrenal gland? |
90% cortex, 10% medulla |
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What is oxytocin responsible for in females? |
Uterus contractions and cervix dilation |
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Oxytocin in males is responsible for: |
Ejaculation, controls contraction of smooth muscle of external genitalia |
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FSH responsibility in males and females: |
Males: maturation of sperm Females: development of ovum in follicular cells, follicle development in ovum |
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LH responsibility for females and males: |
Females: migration of ovum to ovary and controls ovulation Males: secretion of testosterone from leydig cells |
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Three zones of adrenal cortex and what they secrete: |
Zone glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) Zone fasciculata: glucocorticoid (cortisol) Zone reticulata: sex hormones |
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What secretes aldosterone in response to low blood volume? |
Angiotensin II RAAS system |
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In which cells do each of these occur: (late distal tubule and collecting duct) Renal Na reabsorption Renal K reabsorption Renal H secretion |
Na: principal cells K: principal cells H secretion: intercalated cells |
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What does cortisol stimulate and how? |
Gluconeogenesis
Protein catabolism Decreases glucose utilization Increases lipolysis |
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Medulla secretes what hormones? |
Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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How does lipolysis contribute gluconeogenesis? |
Produces glycerol in the liver |
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Where else is norepinephrine found? |
In the CNS and peripheral nerves |
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Where is dopamine found? Three places |
Medulla Mast cells Noradrenergic neurons |
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Catecholamine start forming in which cells and from what amino acid? |
Chromaffin cells Tyrosine amino acid |
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What does adrenocortical insufficiency lead to? |
Addison's disease |
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Syndrome associated with hyperaldosteronism? |
Conns disease |
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Excess adrenocortical is associated with what disease? |
Cushing syndrome |
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What two hormones does the thyroid gland produce? |
T4: thyroxine t3: triiodothyronine |
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Precursor to thyroid hormone is: |
Iodine |
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What is the protein precursor to thyroid hormones? |
Thyroglobulin |
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Where is thyroglobulin found in the thyroid gland? |
In colloid |
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Colloid is located in ________ cells of the thyroid gland. |
Follicular |
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What is the thyroid gland located between? |
Hyoid bone and first ring of trachea |
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Colloid is surrounded by: |
Thyroid epithelium |
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Where is the iodine pump located and what is it for? |
Located in the follicular epithelial cells Transports iodine |
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What enzyme converts iodine into its more active (I^2) form and where? |
Peroxidase enzyme Follicular cell membrane |
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What occurs between tyrosine and thyroglobulin? |
Attach in the ribosomes and are excreted to the follicular lumen |
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What occurs between tyrosine and thyroglobulin? |
Attach in the ribosomes and are excreted to the follicular lumen |
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Tyrosine residues bonds with I^2 to form: |
MIT and DIT |
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What forms T4 and T3? |
T4: two molecules of MIT T3: one molecule of DIT and one molecule if MIT |
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_____ (T3/T4) inhibits TSH secretion. |
T3 |
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_____ (T3/T4) inhibits TSH secretion. |
T3 |
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How much percentage of T3 is bound to TBG plasma? |
99.5% |
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Why are thyroid hormones essential during the prenatal period? |
Essential for development of CNS |
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Why are thyroid hormones essential during the prenatal period? |
Essential for development of CNS |
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Thyroid hormone plays a role in ___________ growth. |
Bone |
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Symptoms of hyperthyroidism: |
Hyperexcitabilty, irritability |
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Symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults: (3) |
Slurred speech Somnolence Decreased mental capacity |
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Thyroid hormones increase the O2 consumption and BMR rate in all organs except three: |
Brain Gonad And spleen |
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Thyroid hormones also play a role on what output? |
Cardiac Provides more O2 to the tissues and increases ventilation rate |
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Thyroid hormones also play a role on what output? |
Cardiac Provides more O2 to the tissues and increases ventilation rate |
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What are metabolic effects of thyroid hormones? (5) |
Increase glucose absorption Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glucose oxidation Increases lipolysis Increases protein synthesis and degradation |
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What is normal blood calcium level? |
10 mg/DL |
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What is normal blood calcium level? |
10 mg/DL |
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Where are the parathyroid glands located? |
4 pea sized glands located on the thyroid gland |
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Parathyroid glands regulates what serum through which hormone? |
Ca+ and phosphorus levels PTH |
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Parathyroid glands regulates what serum through which hormone? |
Ca+ and phosphorus levels PTH |
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_______ cells secrete PTH. |
Chief |
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Parathyroid glands regulates what serum through which hormone? |
Ca+ and phosphorus levels PTH |
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_______ cells secrete PTH. |
Chief |
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Relation between Ca serum concentration and PTH is a _________________ mechanism. |
Negative feedback |
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A severe decrease in Mg causes decrease in _____ secretion. Leads to hyperparathyroidism. |
PTH |
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Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism:(6) |
Muscle spasm Anxiety Osteoporosis Damage to ap of neurons Renal stone/ kidney obstruction Hypercalcemia |
MADORH |
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What is the second messenger of PTH: |
cAMP |
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When cAMP is generated in the _____________ of the nephron, what happens? |
Proximal tubule Excreted into urine |
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PTH increases ____ and decreases _______. |
Ca Phosphate |
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How does the PTH function in the bones? |
Reabsorb calcium and phosphate and excretes into the blood |
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An increase in __________ excretion indicates PTH absorption in the bones. |
Hydroxyproline |
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PTH function in the proximal tubules of the nephron: (2) |
Inhibits phosphate absorption: causes increase in its excretion Increases calcium renal absorption |
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How does calcium absorption increase in the intestinal tract? |
Stimulating the activation of active form of vitamin D in the kidney |
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What is the active form of vitamin D? |
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol |
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Pancreatic cells are: |
Islet of langhern |
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Three main types of cells and their percentage in pancreas: |
Alpha: glucagon, 25% Beta: insulin, 65% Delta: Somastatin and gastrin, 10% |
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Glucose acts on what organ and tissue? |
Liver and adipose |
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Glucose acts on what organ and tissue? |
Liver and adipose |
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What are some factors that glucagon increases? |
Glycogenolysis Ketoacid concentration Fatty acid concentration Lipolysis Gluconeogenesis Urea production |
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How high does blood glucose need to be for insulin to enter the blood stream? |
100 mg/DL |
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Which receptor allows for glucagon to get into alpha cells? |
GLUT4 |
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What occurs when glucose is over 350mg/dl? |
Glucouria Polyuria Dehydration |
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How does insulin decrease blood glucose concentration? |
Stimulates GLUT2 receptor which allows glucose into the cell |
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How does insulin decrease blood glucose concentration? |
Stimulates GLUT2 receptor which allows glucose into the cell |
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Insulin stimulates what in order to inhibit glucose concentration? (2 factors) |
Fat stimulation Glucogenesis |
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How does insulin decrease blood glucose concentration? |
Stimulates GLUT2 receptor which allows glucose into the cell |
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Insulin stimulates what in order to inhibit glucose concentration? (2 factors) |
Fat stimulation Glucogenesis |
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Insulin inhibits: |
Ketoacid formation in the liver Decreases K blood concentration Gluconeogenesis Lipolysis |
Opposite of what glucagon stimulates |
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Effects of Somastatin on the GI tract: |
Decrease its motility Decrease secretion and absorption of nutrition Slows down digestive window for nutrients to get into blood |
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What occurs when there's a deficiency of insulin:(5) |
Hyperglycemia Hypertension MI blindness Polyneuropathy |
HHMBP |
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What is the precursor to melatonin: |
Serotonin |
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What is the precursor to melatonin: |
Serotonin |
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Which amino acid does serotonin come from? |
Tryptophan |
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How does light reach your pineal gland? |
Light hits retina and goes to suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus which then goes to superior cervical ganglia of the spinal cord and then to post ganglion neurons of the pineal gland |
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How does light reach your pineal gland? |
Light hits retina and goes to suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus which then goes to superior cervical ganglia of the spinal cord and then to post ganglion neurons of the pineal gland |
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What effects melatonin? |
Light |
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How does light reach your pineal gland? |
Light hits retina and goes to suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus which then goes to superior cervical ganglia of the spinal cord and then to post ganglion neurons of the pineal gland |
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What effects melatonin? |
Light |
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Where does arachodinic acid come from? |
Phospholipid of plasma membrane |
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Arachodinic acid forms has two metabolic pathways and what enzymes assist in this: |
Becomes prostaglandin via cooxygenase Becomes leukotreines via lipoxygenase |
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Arachodinic acid forms has two metabolic pathways and what enzymes assist in this: |
Becomes prostaglandin via cooxygenase Becomes leukotreines via lipoxygenase |
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What are the different types of prostaglandin: |
PG1 PGE PGF2alpha Txa2 |
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Arachodinic acid forms has two metabolic pathways and what enzymes assist in this: |
Becomes prostaglandin via cooxygenase Becomes leukotreines via lipoxygenase |
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What are the different types of prostaglandin: |
PGI1 PGE2 PGF2alpha Txa2 |
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Describe the effects of the different prostaglandins: PGI2 PGE2 PGF2alpha TXA2 |
1. Anti platelet aggregation: vasodilation 2. Smooth muscle dilation 3. Smooth muscle contraction 4. Platelet aggregation |
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Arachodinic acid forms has two metabolic pathways and what enzymes assist in this: |
Becomes prostaglandin via cooxygenase Becomes leukotreines via lipoxygenase |
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What are the different types of prostaglandin: |
PGI1 PGE2 PGF2alpha Txa2 |
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Describe the effects of the different prostaglandins: PGI2 PGE2 PGF2alpha TXA2 |
1. Anti platelet aggregation: vasodilation 2. Smooth muscle dilation 3. Smooth muscle contraction 4. Platelet aggregation |
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What are the effect of leukotreines? |
Brachoconstriction Vasoconstriction Inflammation |
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Arachodinic acid forms has two metabolic pathways and what enzymes assist in this: |
Becomes prostaglandin via cooxygenase Becomes leukotreines via lipoxygenase |
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What are the different types of prostaglandin: |
PGI1 PGE2 PGF2alpha Txa2 |
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Describe the effects of the different prostaglandins: PGI2 PGE2 PGF2alpha TXA2 |
1. Anti platelet aggregation: vasodilation 2. Smooth muscle dilation 3. Smooth muscle contraction 4. Platelet aggregation |
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What are the effect of leukotreines? |
Brachoconstriction Vasoconstriction Inflammation |
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What inhibits prostaglandin production? |
NSAIDS Ibuprofen Aspirin Indomethacin |
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