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52 Cards in this Set

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What are normal glucose levels?

70-110 mg/dL
6 actions of insulin
1.promotes glucose uptake 2.prevent fat & glycogen breakdown 3.inhibit gluconeogenesis 4.inhibit triglyceride breakdown 5.increase triglycride synthesis 6.increase protien synthesis
How is release of glucagon related to blood glucose levels
Released as blood glucose levels drop
2 Actions of glucagon
1.increase glucose by breakdown of glycogen
2.increase amino acids in liver and conversion into glucose
What is gluconeogenesis
creation of glucose from amino acids & other non carbohydrates

synthesis of glucose from amino acids and other non-carbohydrates
Where is resistin released from?
adipose tissue & macrophages
What is the function of resistin?
reduce insulin sensitivity
NE & EPI are called what?
Catecholmines
how do Catecholmines help during stress?
maintain glucose levels
How do Catecholmines maintain glucose levels
inhibits insulin release & promote breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis)
How do maintain catecholamines affect fatty acids?
1. increase lipase activity to mobilize fatty acids
How does HG affect glucose in blood?
inhibits cellular uptake
What hormone inhibits HG's action on cellular uptake of blood glucose?
insulin (So as glucose goes up, insulin is released and counteracts HG)
During fasting, what happens to HG levels?
goes up as insulin levels goes down
What is the function of glucocorticiods?
increase glucose production by glucneogenesis by 6 to 10 times
How do glucocorticiods affect glucose use
moderately decreases glucose use
What is glucose-sparing affect of glucocorticiods
helps release fatty acids so they can be used
Main cause of type 1 diabetes?
beta cell destruction
Main cause of type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance
Where is GLUT-1 found?
all tissues
Where is GLUT-2 found?
liver & beta cells
What is function of GLUT-2?
transport glucose especially between liver & blood (also into beta cells)
GLUC-1 is especially important to what type of cells?
nervous cells
What conditions are associated with beta cell dysfunction?
1.decrease in the number (mass) of beta cells 2.more rapid death and less regeneration 3.exhaustion because of insulin resistance 4.toxic effects of high glucose levels (glucotoxicity) 5. toxic effects of high fatty acid levels (lipotoxicity)
What medical conditions are associated with high glucose blood levels (hyperglycemia )
1. high triglycerides 2.low HDL 3.high blood pressure 4.increased inflammation
What % of type 2 patients are overweight
80%
What is adiponectin?
aprotien involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown
What is hyperinsulinemia?
a condition which there are excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood than expected relative to the level of glucose
What conditions are associated with beta cell dysfunction?
1.decrease in the number (mass) of beta cells 2.more rapid death and less regeneration 3.exhaustion because of insulin resistance 4.toxic effects of high glucose levels (glucotoxicity) 5. toxic effects of high fatty acid levels (lipotoxicity)
What conditions are associated with hyperglycemia?
retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
What medical conditions are associated with high glucose blood levels (hyperglycemia )
1. high triglycerides 2.low HDL 3.high blood pressure 4.increased inflammation
What medical problems are associated with retinopathy?
1.Blindness 2.cataracts 3.glaucoma 4.hemorrhages 5.scarring 6.retinal detachment 7. microaneurysms 8.Neovascularization is the formation of functional microvascular networks with red blood cell perfusion
What % of type 2 patients are overweight
80%
What is nephropathy?
damage to or disease of a kidney
What is adiponectin?
aprotien involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown
What is the relationship between nephropathy & hypertension?
hypertension accelerates damage
What is hyperinsulinemia?
a condition which there are excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood than expected relative to the level of glucose
What are the clinical manifestations of type 1 & type 2?
see page 231
What conditions are associated with hyperglycemia?
retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
What medical problems are associated with retinopathy?
1.Blindness 2.cataracts 3.glaucoma 4.hemorrhages 5.scarring 6.retinal detachment 7. microaneurysms 8.Neovascularization is the formation of functional microvascular networks with red blood cell perfusion
What is nephropathy?
damage to or disease of a kidney
What is the relationship between nephropathy & hypertension?
hypertension accelerates damage
What are the clinical manifestations of type 1 & type 2?
see page 231
WHAT IS THE BASIC CAUSE OF HYPOGLYCEMIA?
too much insulin in the blood
Why can there be too much insulin in the blood?
1.error in dose, 2.not eating, 3.alcohol damage to liver affecting glucneogenesis 4.much exercise
Symptoms from the brain seen with hypoglycemia?
1.headache 2.confusion 3.change in behavior 4.siezure 5.coma
Symptoms from the nervous system seen with hypoglycemia?
autonomic n. system activated causing hunger, anxiety, sweating, tachycardia, constriction of blood vessels
Treatment of hypoglycemia?
15 to 20 g of glucose from concentrated carbohydrate (monosaccharides used for rapid absorption)
What is the Dawn phenomenon?
an increase in the blood sugar in the morning and is typically invoked in the context of diabetes. Also during puberty from higher HG levels, increased glucose from the liver, increased resistance to insulin
What is Somogyi effect?
a pattern of undetected hypoglycemia (low blood undetected hypoglycemia causing glucose values of less than 70) followed by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels of more than 200)
How to tell the difference between Dawn & Somogyi?
check blood glucose levels at 2:00 to 3:00 am
What are 3 diagnostic 8 hr. fasting blood glucose levels?
* below 100 = normal
* 100-126 impaired
* 126 and up on 2 occasions = diabetes