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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diabetes Mellitus
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is a condition in which a person has a high blood sugar (glucose) level as a result of the body either not producing enough insulin, or because body cells do not properly respond to the insulin that is produced
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Gestational Diabetes
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is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. It may precede development of type 2 DM.
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Type I Diabetes
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results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin
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Type II Diabetes
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Results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.
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Exophthalmos
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Is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmoses can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor).
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Feminization
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refers to the development in an organism of physical or behavioral characteristics unique to the female of the species. This may represent a normal developmental process, contributing to sexual differentiation
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Glycosuria
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is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reclaim all of the filtered glucose back into the bloodstream. Glycosuria is nearly always caused by elevated blood glucose levels, most commonly due to untreated diabetes mellitus
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Glycosylated Hemoglobin
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is a form of hemoglobin used primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time
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Goiter
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Is a swelling in the thyroid gland[ which can lead to a swelling of the neck or larynx (voice box). Goitre usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not functioning properly.
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Grave’s Disease
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Is an autoimmune disease. It most commonly affects the thyroid, frequently causing it to enlarge to twice its size or more (goiter), become overactive, with related hyperthyroid symptoms such as increased heartbeat, muscle weakness, disturbed sleep, and irritability. It can also affect the eyes, causing bulging eyes (proptosis). It affects other systems of the body, including the skin, heart, circulation and nervous system
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Hyperglycemia
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Is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma.
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Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
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Is one of two serious metabolic derangements that occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus and can be a life-threatening emergency. The condition is characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and dehydration without significant ketoacidosis. It less common than the other acute complication of diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and differs in the magnitude of dehydration, ketosis, and acidosis. HHS usually presents in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and carries a higher mortality rate than DKA, estimated at approximately 15%.
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Hypoglycemia
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Hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) is too low
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Ketone bodies
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three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney. They are used as a source of energy in the heart and brain. In the brain, they are a vital source of energy during fasting. Although termed "bodies", they are dissolved substances, not particles. The three ketone bodies are acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, although beta-hydroxybutyric acid is not technically a ketone but a carboxylic acid.
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ketonemia
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an excess of ketones in the blood.
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ketonuria
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ketone bodies are present in the urine. It is seen in conditions in which the body produces excess ketones as an alternative source of energy. It is seen during starvation or more commonly in type I diabetes mellitus. Production of ketone bodies is a normal response to a shortage of glucose, meant to provide an alternate source of fuel from fatty acids.
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Macroangiopathy
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an angiopathy of the greater blood vessels. Fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. The decrease of blood flow through stenosis or clot formation impair the flow of oxygen to cells and biological tissues (called ischemia) and lead to their death (necrosis and gangrene, which in turn may require amputation).
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Microangiopathy
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an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels in the body. This sometimes occurs when a person has had diabetes mellitus for a long time. High blood glucose levels cause the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels to take in more glucose than normal (these cells do not depend on insulin). They then form more glycoproteins on their surface than normal, and also cause the basement membrane to grow thicker and weaker. The walls of the vessels become abnormally thick but weak, and therefore they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then some cells, for example in the retina (diabetic retinopathy) or kidney (diabetic nephropathy), may not get enough blood and may be damaged. Nerves, if not sufficiently supplied with blood, are also damaged which may lead to loss of function (diabetic neuropathy).
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Myxedema (coma)
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a loss of brain function as a result of severe, longstanding low level of thyroid hormone in the blood (hypothyroidism). Myxedema coma is considered a life-threatening complication of hypothyroidism and represents the far more serious side of the spectrum of thyroid disease.
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polydipsia
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a medical symptom in which the patient displays excessive thirst.
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Polyphagia
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"eating too much."
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polyuria
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a condition characterized by the passage of large volumes of urine (at least 2.5 L over 24 hours in adults).
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Thyroid storm
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a life-threatening condition that develops in cases of untreated hyperthyroidism. It is usually brought on by a stress such as trauma or infection.
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Thyrotoxicosis
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A toxic condition resulting from excessive amounts of thyroid hormones in the body, as that occurring in hyperthyroidism. An excess of thyroid hormones in the blood, causing a variety of symptoms that include rapid heart beat, sweating, anxiety, and tremor.
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virilization
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the biological development of sex differences, changes that make a male body different from a female body. Most of the changes of virilization are produced by androgens. Virilization is most commonly used in three medical and biology of gender contexts: prenatal sexual differentiation, the postnatal changes of normal male puberty, and excessive androgen effects in girls or women.
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