Endocrine, Circulatory System, The Heart, Blood Vessels Circulation, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urinary System

Front 1

Gap Junctions

Back 1

Enable to pass nutrients, electrolytes and singaling molecules directly from the ctyoplasam of one cell to the cytoplasam of pores of plasma membrane

Front 2

Paracrines

Back 2

Secreted by one cell diffuse by nearby cells of the same tissue so called local hormones

Front 3

Hormones

Back 3

Chemical messengers that are transported by the blood stream stimulate physiological responses.

Front 4

Endocrine Glands

Back 4

High density of blood capillaries, serve to pick up and carry away horomones

Front 5

Exocrine gland

Back 5

Secret product by way of ducts such as skin or mucosa

Front 6

Thymus

Back 6

Maturation for certain white blood cells called T cells important for immune defense

Front 7

Thyroid Gland

Back 7

Largest in adults secretes calcitonin, increase in metabolic rate, increase bone absorption

Front 8

Adrenal Medulla

Back 8

Increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate

Front 9

Steroid Hormones

Back 9

estrogens, progestrone, and testerone. Calcitriol, aldostrone and DHEA

Front 10

Peptide Hormones

Back 10

Chains of 3 to 200 or more amino acids.

Front 11

Albumin

Back 11

Most abundant plasma protein, transfer solutes and buffer the PH of plasma.

Front 12

Globuins

Back 12

Clotting and immunity transportation

Front 13

Fribineogen

Back 13

a sticky protein of forming blood clots

Front 14

Viscosity

Back 14

Resistance of fluid to flow, arise from formed elements and plasma composition

Front 15

Osmolarity

Back 15

total of dissolved particles that can not pass through the vessel wall.

Front 16

hemopoiesis

Back 16

The production of blood

Front 17

Hemoglobin

Back 17

Role of oxygen transport, aids in carbon dioxide and buffering pH.

Front 18

Hematocrit

Back 18

percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs

Front 19

erythropoiesis

Back 19

process takes 3 to 5 days, reduction in cell size, an increase in cell number

Front 20

erythropoietin

Back 20

Transforms in erythroblasts multiply in hemoglobin task is completed turns into reticulocyte

Front 21

Neutrophil

Back 21

Most abundant of WBCs increase in numbers due to bacterial infection

Front 22

Eosinophils

Back 22

increase from allergies, parasitic infections, and phase of menstrual cycle.

Front 23

Basophils

Back 23

secrete two chemicals, histamine vasodilator, and speeds flow of blood to an injured tissue

Front 24

Monocytes

Back 24

inflammation viral infection transform into macrophages

Front 25

Thrombopoiesis

Back 25

production of platelets

Front 26

Pericardium

Back 26

Double walled sac encloses the heart

Front 27

parietal pericardium

Back 27

outer wall of sac, superficial fibrous layer

Front 28

Visceral pericardium

Back 28

serous lining of sac turns inward at base of heart to cover the heart surface

Front 29

epicardium

Back 29

serous membrane covering the heart, coronary blood vessels travel through this layer

Front 30

Endocardium

Back 30

smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels

Front 31

Left Coronary artery

Back 31

anterior interventicular branch supplies blood to both ventricles

Front 32

Right coronary artery

Back 32

supplies sinoatrial node

Front 33

Cardiocytes

Back 33

short thick, branched cells, one central nucleus surrounded by mass of glycogen

Front 34

conduction system of the heart

Back 34

1 SA node, Atrial myocardium, AV node, AV bundle of hiss, Purkinje fibers

Front 35

Systole

Back 35

Contraction of the heart

Front 36

Diastole

Back 36

atrial relaxation

Front 37

P wave

Back 37

Atrial depolarize and contract

Front 38

QRS

Back 38

Ventricular depolarization

Front 39

T wave

Back 39

Ventricle Repolarization

Front 40

Baroreceptors

Back 40

Pressure sensors in aorta and internal carotid arteries

Front 41

chemoreceptors

Back 41

Aortic arch, medulla oblongata and sensitive to blood pH, CO2 and O2 levels.

Front 42

Tunica Interia

Back 42

lines inside the vessel and is exposed to blood.

Front 43

tunica media

Back 43

the thickest layer consist of smooth muscle, collagen and elastic tissue

Front 44

tunica externa

Back 44

consist of loose connective tissue merges with neighboring blood vessels

Front 45

Cartoid sinuses

Back 45

barorecpetors, pressure sensors that respond to change in blood pressure

Front 46

cartoid bodies

Back 46

cemorecptors that monitor changes in blood composition

Front 47

aortic bodies

Back 47

one to three chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch near the arteries to the head and arms

Front 48

Fenestrated capillaries

Back 48

kidneys, small intestine, organs require rapid absorption

Front 49

sinusoids

Back 49

liver bone marrow spleen, irregular blood filled spaces

Front 50

Peripheral resistance

Back 50

the opposition of flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart
RBC count
Decreased viscosity
increased viscosity

Front 51

precapillary sphincters

Back 51

control which capillary beds will be prefused

Front 52

aneurysm

Back 52

weak point in the artery wall

Front 53

dissecting aneurysm

Back 53

blood accumulates between the tunics of the artery and separates them

Front 54

angiotensin 2

Back 54

vasoconstrictor, raises blood pressure, prevents sodium retention

Front 55

Hypovolemic shock

Back 55

most common loss of blood volume, trauma, burns, dehydration

Front 56

Neurogenic shock

Back 56

loss of vasomotor tone vasodilation

Front 57

septic shock

Back 57

bacterial toxins trigger vasodialation and increased permeability

Front 58

anaphylactic shock

Back 58

severe immune reaction to antigen, histamine release vasodialation

Front 59

lymphatic system

Back 59

Fluid Recovery, immunity, lipid absorption

Front 60

right lymphatic duct

Back 60

receives lymph from right arm right side of head and thorax and empties into right subclavian vein

Front 61

thoracic duct

Back 61

larger long, receives from abdomen and below the diaphragm, left side of body

Front 62

subclavian veins

Back 62

collective point from thoracic duct

Front 63

T lymphocytes (T) cells

Back 63

cells that mature in the thymus

Front 64

B lymphocytes (B) cells

Back 64

activation causes proliferation and plasma cells produce antibodies

Front 65

Primary lymphatic organ

Back 65

site where T and B cells become immunocompetent

Front 66

Secondary lymphatic organs

Back 66

lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen

Front 67

Lymph node

Back 67

cleanse the lymph, act as a site of T and B cell activation

Front 68

Spleen

Back 68

erythrocyte graveyard, blood reservior, white pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens

Front 69

Non specific resistance (pathogens)

Back 69

environmental agents capable of producing disease

Front 70

first line of defense

Back 70

external barriers, skin, and mucous membranes

Front 71

second line of defense

Back 71

leukocytes and macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, immune surveillance, inflammation, and fever

Front 72

Natural Active immunity

Back 72

production of one's own antibodies or T cells

Front 73

Natural passive immunity

Back 73

temporary immunity that results from antibodies produced by another person

Front 74

artificial passive immunity

Back 74

temporary immunity that results from injection of immune serum

Front 75

Respiratory system functions

Back 75

provides 02 and C02 exchange between blood and air, vocalization, pH levels by eliminating C02

Front 76

Conducting division

Back 76

passage that only serves only airflow

Front 77

respiratory division

Back 77

consist of alveoli and other gas exchange regions

Front 78

squamous type 1 alveolar cells

Back 78

thin broad cells allow for rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and bloodstream

Front 79

great type 2 alveolar cells

Back 79

round cuboidal cells repair the alveolar epithelium
secrete pulmonary surfactant

Front 80

pulmonary surfactant

Back 80

a mixture of phosolipids that coats the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing during exhalation

Front 81

respiratory membrane

Back 81

squamous alveolar cells
endothelial cells of blood capillary

Front 82

Visceral pleura

Back 82

serous membrane that covers lungs

Front 83

Tidal volume

Back 83

inhaled air and exhaled in one cycle

Front 84

inspiratory reserve

Back 84

air excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

Front 85

eupenea

Back 85

relaxed quiet breathing

Front 86

apnea

Back 86

temporary cessation of breathing

Front 87

dyspnea

Back 87

labored, gasping breahting, shortness of breath

Front 88

hyperpnea

Back 88

increased rate and depth of breathing response to excercise

Front 89

hyperventilation

Back 89

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic rate

Front 90

kussmaul respiration

Back 90

deep rapid breathing often induced by acidosis

Front 91

Functions of the Kidney

Back 91

Fliters blood plasma, regulate blood volume, osmolarity, secretes renin

Front 92

Renal corpuscle

Back 92

filters the blood plasma

Front 93

renal tubule

Back 93

long coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine

Front 94

Urine formation

Back 94

filtration, resorption, secretion, excretion

Front 95

Renin

Back 95

converts angiotensingen into angiotensin 1

Front 96

Renal circulation

Back 96

segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical, afferent ateriole