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73 Cards in this Set

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What are parts of the endocrine system?

glands: produce and release hormones into blood


hormones: chemical messengers that have specific target cells to enact change



What system does the endocrine system work with?

works with nervous system to send its messages using nerve fibers

List the endocrine functions

- differentiate reproductive and nervous system in fetus


- growth during childhood


- coordination of reproduction


- homeostasis


- corrective adaptations

What is the neuroendocrine response to stress?

immune, nervous, and endocrine systems work together to deal with stressor

What are the chemicals/hormones involved in the neuroendocrine response to stress?

- catecholamines


- cortisol


- endorphins


- growth hormone


- prolactin


- testosterone



How do catecholamines affect our body?

- ↑rate and force of heart - ↑ CO


- Vasoconstrictblood vessels - ↑ BP


- ↑ glycogenolysis - ↑ blood glucose levels


- ↑catabolism of fats - ↑ lipids in blood

How does cortisol affect the body?

primarily regulates the metabolism of proteins, carbs, and lipids to cause an elevation in blood glucose level

How do endorphins affect the body?

modulate transmission of pain perceptions by raising pain threshold and producing sedation and euphoria

How do growth hormones affect the body?

stimulates and controls rate of skeletal and visceral growth by directly influencing protein, carbs, and lipid metabolism

How does prolactin affect the body?

stimulates growth of breast tissue and sustains milk production postpartum

How does testosterone affect the body?

regulates male secondary sex characteristics and libido

How does aging affect the endocrine system?

- decrease ability to maintain homeostasis


- decrease in size of glands


- glands become more fibrotic


- subtle changes in pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid


- changes in reproductive function and calcium metabolism


- loss of body hair


- changes in skin collagen content/thickness


- increase body fat %


- decrease bone mass

What does the hypothalamus control?

it controls the pituitary and directs the function of endocrine organs

What is the pituitary gland?

the master gland due to its role in regulating the other endocrine glands

Causes of pathology in the endocrine system

- primary: dysfunction within gland


- secondary: under/over stimulation of gland


- damange to hypothalamus (pituitary gland) or specific gland, EG inflammation, or tumor


What are the types of hyperpituitarism?

1. gigantism


2. acromegaly


3. cushing's disease


4. hypopituitarism (anterior lobe)


5. Diabetes Insipidus (posterior lobe)


6. SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) [posterior]

What occurs during gigantism?

- increase in growth hormone before epiphyseal closure


- increase bone thickness


- increases long bone growth

What is acromegaly?

- increase in growth hormone after epiphyseal closure


- affects face, jaw, hands, and feet



What is the treatment for acromegaly?

pituitary tumors surgically removed, drug therapy, and radiation therapy

What is Cushing's disease?

increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal gland to increase cortisol production

What is hypopituitarism?

decrease in growth hormone causes dwarfism

What is the treatment for hypopituitarism?

remove the causative factor

What is diabetes insipidus?

- not enough ADH


- excretes too much urine


- dangerous water imbalance

What is SIADH?

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone:


- excessive ADH


- fluid retention water intoxication


- monitor urine and weight

What does thyroid gland control?

metabolic rate and calcium


- impacts almost every system-



What are the primary hormones of the thyroid hormone?

- thyroxine and triodothyronine to regulate metabolism


- calcitonin for calcium and phosphorous balance

What is hyperthryroidism?

- elevation of body metabolism that impacts almost every system


- heat intolerance


- weight loss


- sweats

What is Grave's Disease?

- autoimmune disease (idiopathic)


- body produces antibody to attack thyroid


- antibody cause inflammation around eyes


- proximal muscle weakness

What is goiter?

enlarged thyroid

What is hypothyroidism?

- slowing of BMR (base metabolic rate)


- causes fatigue, weight gain, bradycardia,


decreased heat production, decreased GI


motility


- anemia


- diminished CNS function


- weakness

What is hashimoto thyroiditis?

- autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid


- destruction of thyroid gland


- causes hypothyroidism


- women 10x more likely

What causes goiter?

- lack of iodine


- thyroid cancer


- difficulty swallowing

Why is iodine important to the body?

- required to produce thyroid hormone


- pituitary gland senses low thyroid


- releases TSH


- causes excessive growth


- must be in diet

What is the parathyroid?

a gland that regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism and fluid balance

What happens during hyperparathyroid?

- too much PTH


- high blood Ca2+


- bone loss


- kidney damage

What occurs during hypoparathyroid?

- too little PTH


- low Ca2+


- tingling in fingertips, mouth, and feet


- muscle spasms


- arrythmias


- CNS effects - use calcium to conduct

What do the adrenal gland secrete?

- mineralocorticoids


- glucocorticoids


- androgens


- epinephrine and norepinephrine



What do mineralocorticoids help with?

steroid hormone that regulates fluid and mineral balance

How do glucocorticoids help?

steroid hormone responsible for controlling metabolism of glucose



What are androgens?

sex hormones

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine help with?

helpl with vascular tone, the heart, the nervous system, and affect glucose metabolism

What is addison disease?

insufficient cortisol release from adrenal glands

What is the etiology of addison disease?

- weak/exhausted


- hypotensive


- anorexia/weight loss


- nausea/vomiting


- glucocorticoid deficiency also diminishes resistance to stress

Why is aldosterone important?

- aka mineralocorticoids


- important in controlling BP


- acts on nephron causing increased water and sodium, retention and potassium excretion

What is adrenal insufficiency?

aldosterone deficiency that causes numerous fluid and electrolyte imbalances

What is Conn syndrome?

- hypersecretion of aldosterone


- leads to sodium reabsorption, water retention, decreased potassium retention


- leads to hypernatremia, hypervolemia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis

What causes hypercortisolism?

- high doses of corticosteroids


- adrenocortical tumors


- pituitary tumors - too much ACTH


- ACTH stimulation from pituitary gland

Signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism/cushing's disease

- protruding abdomen w/ purple striae


- poor wound healing


- thinning of skin


- generalized muscle weakness


- marked osteoporosis that is made worse by excessive loss of Ca2+ in urine

Treatment for hypercortisolism

- surgical removal


- drug therapy


- radiation therapy



What is the job of the pancreas?

- produce digestive enzymes


- control blood glucose levels by secreting


- glucagon-α cells


- insulin - β cells

What is glucose?

carbs that have been broken down by intestines that is utilized to produce ATP

What is the job of insulin- β cells?

- acts as storage for glucose (in liver)


- allows glucose to enter cells


- lowers blood sugar


- transports amino acids

What does glucagon - α cells do?

stimulate liver and other cells to release stored glucose

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

group of disorders caused by improper function of insulin:


- can be defect in secretion


- action of insulin


- results in hyperglycemia

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

type 1 and type 2 DM

What is type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Cell mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells in islets of langerhan's in pancreas. Usually seen in children and require insulin

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus?

- exogenous insulin administration


- dietary management


- maintain glucose control


- insulin pump

What are the 2 types of exogenous insulin administration?

- rapid acting/short action: before meal to cover or taken with long acting


- intermediate/long actin: 1-2 x day

What are the positives and negatives of insulin pumps?

Positive: programmable and better control


Negative: sometimes adverse rxns to needle and malfunction to pump is possible

What are metabolic problems of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

- decrease utilization of glucose


- increased fat metabolism (form ketones and potential diabetic ketoacidosis)


- glucosuria - pulls water w/ it


- fluid volume deficit


- hypoglycemia risk

Manifestations of type 1 diabetes mellitus

- thirst/ polyuria


- fatigue/weakness


- blurred vision


- sugar in urine


- fruity/sweet/wine like odor on breath


- stupor/unconsciousness


- drowsiness/lethargy

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

- most common form of diabetes (90%)


- previously called NIDDM or adult-onset

Type 2 DM affects who?

black, native, hispanic, mexican, and asian americans 1.5-2x more likely (really everyone but white people are about to get diabetes)

What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

- gradual onset


- highly related to obesity


- family hx


- age (increases and you get older)


- poor fitness levels


- hx of gestational diabetes


- HTN


- high cholesterol/LDL

Type 2 diabetes manifestations

- microvascular pathology in retina, renal glomerulus, and peripheral nerve


- leads to blindness, kidney failure, and other neuropathies


- atherosclerosis


- cardiovascular/cerebrobascular changes


- skin/nail changes


- poor tissue perfusion


- decreased pedal pulses


- impaired wound healing

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

- lose 10% of weight


- 150 min/week exercises


- oral hypoglycemic agents


- insulin administration


- fluid intake



How do weekly exercises help with Type 2 diabetes?

- major factor to control hyperglycemia


- glucose can enter muscle cells during exercise w/o insulin


- improves insulin sensitivity

how does insulin resistance progresses to type 2 diabetes?

1. diet high in carbs/sedentary/genetics


2. insulin levels increase in bloodstream


3. cells become resistant to insulin


4. blood glucose and insulin levels high


5. pancreas decreases insulin production


6. blood glucose stays high


7. you got type 2 diabetes ... boooo

How do you monitor diabetes?

- self monitoring of blood glucose 3 or more times a day


- direct blood sampling


- continuous glucose monitoring

complications of diabetes?

Neuropathy: peripheral, sensory, motor, autonomic


Musculoskeletal Complications: adhesive capsulitis, CTS, muscle atrophy, syndrome of limited joint mobility

Foot care relationship to diabetes?

- toenail care is necessary


- loss of sensation


- loss of motor control of foot muscles


- foot deformities

manifestation of hypoglycemia

- nervous


- shakey


- dizzy


- confused


- headache


- cold clammy skin


- fast heartbeat


- irritability

manifestation of hyperglycemia

- weak/tired


- frequent urination


- increased thirst


- decreased appetite


- blurry vision


- itchy dry skin


- breath smells fruity