Endocrine - Anatomy

Front 1

layers of adrenal gland (out -> in)

Back 1

capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, medulla

Front 2

primary regulatory control at zona glomerulosa (1) and primary secretory products (2)

Back 2

(1) renin-angiotensin (2) aldosterone

Front 3

zona fasciculata - primary regulatory control (1), secretory products (2)

Back 3

(1) ACT, CRH (2) cortisol, sex hormones

Front 4

zona reticularis - primary regulatory control (1), secretory products (2)

Back 4

(1) ACTH, CRH (2) sex hormones ex. androgens

Front 5

primary regulatory control at adrenal medulla (1) and secretory products (2)

Back 5

(1) PRE SNS fibers (2) catecholamines - NE, E

Front 6

cells inside adrenal medulla

Back 6

chromaffin cells

Front 7

adrenal cortex is embryonic derivative of..

Back 7

mesoderm

Front 8

adrenal medulla is embryonic derivative of..

Back 8

neural crest

Front 9

MC tumor of adrenal medulla in adults

Back 9

pheochromocytoma

Front 10

MC tumor of adrenal gland in children

Back 10

neuroblastoma

Front 11

drainage of left adrenal gland

Back 11

L adrenal -> L adrenal vein --> L renal vein --> IVC

Front 12

drainage of right adrenal gland

Back 12

R adrenal --> right adrenal vein --> IVC

Front 13

hormones produced in posterior pituitary

Back 13

ADH, Oxytocin

Front 14

neurophysins

Back 14

carrier proteins in posterior pituitary that carry hormones in circulation

Front 15

posterior pituitary is derived from which embryologic structure?

Back 15

neuroectoderm

Front 16

hormones made by anterior pituitary

Back 16

LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH, melanotropin (MSH)

Front 17

anterior pituitary is derived from what embryologic structure?

Back 17

oral ectoderm - Rathke's pouch

Front 18

alpha subunit in pituitary gland

Back 18

common subunit to TSH, LH, FSH and hCG

Front 19

beta subunit in pituitary gland

Back 19

determines hormone specificity

Front 20

which hormones are made by acidophils in pituitary?

Back 20

GH, Prolactin

Front 21

which hormones are made by basophils in pituitary?

Back 21

B-FLAT = FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Front 22

cell types found in Islets of Langerhans

Back 22

collections of alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells

Front 23

where are islets of Langerhans most numerous?

Back 23

in tail of pancreas

Front 24

islets of langerhans are embryological derivatives of...

Back 24

pancreatic bud

Front 25

alpha cells in pancreas secrete (1) and are located (2)

Back 25

(1) glucagon (2) peripherally

Front 26

beta cells in pancreas secrete (1) and are located (2)

Back 26

(1) insulin (2) centrally

Front 27

delta cells in pancreas are located (1) and secrete (2)

Back 27

(1) interspersed throughout (2) somatostatin

Front 28

which tissues do not need insulin for glucose uptake?

Back 28

BRICK L = brain, RBCs, intestines, cornea, kidney, liver

Front 29

what is insulin made in response to?

Back 29

in response to ATP from glucose metabolism closing K+ channels and depolarizing cells

Front 30

insulin inhibits...

Back 30

glucagon release by alpha cells

Front 31

serum C peptide

Back 31

marker of insulin production; C peptide is not present with exogenous insulin intake

Front 32

anabolic effects of insulin

Back 32

(1) increased glucose transport (2) glycogen synthesis and storage (3) TG synthesis/storage (4) Na+ retention (5) increased protein synthesis in muscles (6) increased cellular uptake of K+ and aa

Front 33

GLUT1

Back 33

RBCs, brain

Front 34

GLUT2

Back 34

bidirectional channel; B-islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine

Front 35

GLUT4

Back 35

insulin response; found in adipose tissue and skeletal mm

Front 36

insulin dependent organs

Back 36

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Front 37

glucose use in brain

Back 37

brain depends on glucose for metabolism normally but uses ketone bodies in starvation

Front 38

glucose utilization of RBCs

Back 38

RBCs always depend on glucose - never use ketones

Front 39

regulation of prolactin secretion

Back 39

prolactin is tonically inhibited by DA (from hypothalamus) and by itself; TRH increases prolactin secretion

Front 40

DA agonists ex. (1) inhibit (2) and can be used to treat (3)

Back 40

(1) bromocriptine (2) prolactin secretion (3) prolactinoma

Front 41

DA antagonists ex. (1) and (2) stimulate (3)

Back 41

(1) antipsychotics (2) estrogens - OCP, pregnancy (3) stimulate prolactin

Front 42

functions of prolactin

Back 42

stimulates milk production in breast, inhibits ovulation and spermatogenesis by inhibiting GnRH

Front 43

desmolase is stimulated by (1) and inhibited by (2)

Back 43

(1) ACTH (2) ketoconazole

Front 44

17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency

Back 44

decreased sex hormones, decreased cortisol, increased mineralocorticoids

Front 45

symptoms of 17a-hydroxylase deficiency

Back 45

hypertension, hypokalemia

Front 46

XY pt with 17a-hydroxylase deficiency

Back 46

decreased DHT = pseudohermaphroditism = externally female, no internal repro tracts

Front 47

XX pt with 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency

Back 47

externally female with normal internal sex organs but lacking 2ndary sexual characteristics (sexual infantilism)

Front 48

MC form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Back 48

21 alpha hydroxylase deficiency

Front 49

21a-hydroxylase deficiency

Back 49

decreased cortisol, decreased mineralocorticoids, increased sex hormones

Front 50

symptoms of 21a-hydroxylase deficiency

Back 50

masculinization, female pseudohermaphroditism, hypotension, hyperkalemia, increased plasma renin, volume depletion

Front 51

11B-hydroxylase deficiency

Back 51

decreased cortisol, decreased aldosterone and corticosterone, increased sex hormones

Front 52

symptoms of 11B-hydroxylase deficiency

Back 52

masculinization, hypertension

Front 53

all congenital adrenal deficiencies are characterized by...

Back 53

adrenal gland enlargement due to increased ACTH stimulation bc of decreased levels of cortisol

Front 54

source of cortisol

Back 54

adrenal zona fasciculata

Front 55

what does cortisol bind to in circulation?

Back 55

corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)

Front 56

functions of cortisol

Back 56

maintains BP, decreases bone formation, anti-inflammatory, decreases immune function, increases gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis

Front 57

regulation of cortisol secretion

Back 57

CRH stimulates ACTH release (pituitary) causing cortisol production in zona fasciculata; excess cortisol has negative feedback effects

Front 58

source of PTH

Back 58

chief cells of parathyroid gland

Front 59

functions of PTH

Back 59

(1) increases bone resorption of Ca2+ and phosphate (2) increases kidney reabsorption of calcium in DCT (3) decreases phosphate reabsorption in kidney (4) stimulates 1a-hydroxylase to increase vit D3 production

Front 60

regulation of PTH secretion

Back 60

decreased Ca2+ = increased PTH; decreased Mg2+ = decreased PTH

Front 61

common causes of decreased Mg2+

Back 61

diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics, alcohol abuse

Front 62

MOA of PTH

Back 62

increases production of M-CSF and RANK-L in osteoblasts, stimulating osteoclasts

Front 63

source of vitamin D

Back 63

sun exposure - vit D3 made in skin or D2 ingested from plants

Front 64

vit D deficiency causes..

Back 64

osteomalacia in adults, rickets in children

Front 65

24,25 (OH)2 vitamin D

Back 65

inactive form of vitamin D

Front 66

functions of vitamin D

Back 66

increases absorption of dietary calcium and phosphate, increases bone resorption of Ca2+ and phosphate

Front 67

regulation of vitamin D

Back 67

INCREASED by: PTH; DECREASED by: Ca2+, phosphate, negative feedback

Front 68

source of calcitonin

Back 68

parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid

Front 69

function of calcitonin

Back 69

decreases bone resorption of calcium

Front 70

regulation of calcitonin

Back 70

increased serum Ca2+ causes calcitonin secretion

Front 71

which hormones signal through cAMP?

Back 71

FLAT CHAMP = FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2-R), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

Front 72

which hormones signal through cGMP?

Back 72

ANP, NO (EDRF)

Front 73

which hormones signal through IP3

Back 73

GOAT = GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1-R), TRH

Front 74

which hormones act through cytosolic steroid receptor?

Back 74

vit D, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, P4

Front 75

which hormones signal through nuclear steroid receptor?

Back 75

thyroid hormones

Front 76

which hormones signal through intrinsic tyrosine kinase pathway (MAP kinase)

Back 76

insulin, IGF1, FGF, PDGF

Front 77

which hormones signal through receptor-associated tyrosine kinase (JAK-STAT)?

Back 77

GH, prolactin

Front 78

in men, increased levels of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) results in..

Back 78

decreased free testosterone = gynecomastia

Front 79

in women, decreased SHBG results in...

Back 79

increased free testosterone = hirsutism

Front 80

where are thyroid hormones formed?

Back 80

in follicles of thyroid; most T3 is formed from T4 in blood

Front 81

functions of thyroid hormones

Back 81

(1) increased BMR via increased Na+/K+ ATPase activity (2) bone growth (3) CNS maturation (4) increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis (5) increases B1-R in heart = increased CO, HR, SV, contractility

Front 82

functions of T3

Back 82

Brain maturation, Bone growth, beta-adrenergic effects, increased BMR

Front 83

which globulin do thyroid hormones bind to? (1) it is decreaesd in (2) and increased in (3)

Back 83

(1) thyroid binding globulin (2) hepatic failure (3) pregnancy/OCP

Front 84

enzyme responsible for oxidation and organification of iodide as well as coupling of MIT/DIT

Back 84

peroxidase