Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
acromegaly
|
too much GH
|
|
|
how hypothalamus communicates with anterior pituitary
|
hypophyseal portal system
|
|
|
neurons in the hypothalamus that make stuff for the anterior pituitary
|
parvicellular hypophyseotrophic neurons
|
|
|
size of parvicellular hypophyseotrophic neurons
|
short - don't extend all the way to the anterior pituitary
|
|
|
neurons in the hypothalamus that make stuff for the posterior pituitary
|
magnocellular
|
|
|
magnocellular neurons
|
project to the posterior pituitary
wait to be released |
|
|
parvacellular hypophyseotrophic neurons
|
release hormones into the hypophyseal portal system for the anterior pituitary
|
|
|
size of magnocellular neurons
|
long
|
|
|
hormones released by magnocellular neurons
|
AVP
oxytocin |
|
|
AVP stands for
|
arginine vasopressin
|
|
|
ADH stands for
|
antidiuretic hormone
|
|
|
vasopressin AKA
|
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
AVP (arginine vasopressin) |
|
|
most neurons in the hypothalamus are which kind
|
parvicellular hypophyseotrophic
|
|
|
3 types of hypothalamic neurons
|
magnocellular
parvicellular hypophyseotrophic hypothalamic projection neuron |
|
|
hypothalamic projection neuron
|
regular neuron that communicates with other neurons
involved in ANS |
|
|
hormones released from parvicellular neurons (5)
|
CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone)
TRH (thyroid hormone releasing hormone) GHRH (Growth hormone releasing hormone) GnRH Dopamine |
|
|
CRH causes release of _____ from ant pit
|
ACTH
|
|
|
2 weirdo facts
|
1. there is overlap between hormones produced by parvicellular and magnocellular
2. the arcuate nucleus also produces some hormones |
|
|
3 types of episodic secretion
|
circadian
diurnal ultradian |
|
|
which type of episodic secretion is exactly 24h
|
diurnal
|
|
|
diurnal
|
exactly 24 hours (episodic secretion)
|
|
|
circadian
|
episodic secretion that is around 24 hours
|
|
|
hormones that are secreted in a diurnal manner
|
GHRH
CRH cortisol |
|
|
do naps increase cortisol
|
no
|
|
|
what time of day does cortisol peak
|
4am
|
|
|
examples of diurnal hormones
|
GHRH
CRH cortisol |
|
|
which type of episodic secretion is influenced by light and sleep cycle
|
circadian
|
|
|
what happens to circadian cycle under no light conditions
|
runs longer
|
|
|
hormones that are secreted in an ultradian manner
|
GnRH
LH |
|
|
ultradian secretion
|
cycles are in minutes or hours
|
|
|
how episodic secretion varies between females and males
|
females have more changes throughout the day
|
|
|
why episodic secretion can be complicated
|
it can be ultradian and diurnal at the same time
|
|
|
how do we know to turn on certain hormones when it is light or dark
|
superchiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
takes nonvisual input from the retina more light = turns on clock genes light "resets" the pattern |
|
|
part of brain involved in circadian rhythm
|
superchiastmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus
|
|
|
why the retinal input to the SCN is considered nonvisual
|
doesnt involve the visual cortex
|
|
|
2 clock genes
|
cryptochromes (Cry)
Period (Per) |
|
|
products of the clock genes
|
TFs
|
|
|
what do clock gene TFs do
|
activate genes for hormones
|
|
|
how is the clock reset
|
dark ---> retina ---> SCN ---> SNS of spinal cord ----> pineal gland ---> melatonin
melatonin turns off clock genes |
|
|
effects of melatonin (2)
|
lowers body temp
drowsiness |
|
|
where is pineal gland
|
posterior to hypothalamus
|
|
|
hypothalamic hormone in HPA (hypothalamic adrenal axis)
|
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
|
|
|
ant pit hormone in HPA (hypothalamic adrenal axis)
|
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
|
|
|
ACTH stands for
|
adrenocorticotropic hormone
|
|
|
what activates the hypothalamus to produce CRH (3)
|
cold
hypoglycemia fear |
|
|
what type of hormone is CRH and ACTH
|
peptide
|
|
|
feedback in the HPA
|
cortisol negative feedback on ACTH and CRH
|
|
|
cortex
|
outer part
|
|
|
effects of cortisol (1 big 4 little)
|
increased blood glucose
1. increased gluconeogenesis 2. increased muscle catabolism 3. GLUT4 inhibition 4. immune suppression |
|
|
cortisol is sort of long term version of
|
Epi
|
|
|
3 layers of adrenal cortex (out to in)
|
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata zona reticularis |
|
|
precursor of ACTH
|
proopiomelanocortic (POMC)
|
|
|
structure of POMC
|
N terminal fragment
ACTH B-lipoprotein |
|
|
look at slide 14
|
ok
|
|
|
where is POMC processed
|
Golgi
|
|
|
what can ACTH be broken down into (2 fragments)
|
alpha-MSH
CLIP |
|
|
effect of alpha MSH
|
melanotropin stimulating hormone
makes you tan |
|
|
Addison's disease (definition)
|
insufficient cortisol from the adrenal gland
|
|
|
causes of Addison's disease (2)
|
autoimmune disease
adrenal cancers |
|
|
word for not making enough cortisol from the adrenal gland
|
hypocortisolism
|
|
|
symptoms of Addison's disease
|
1. fatigue/weakness
2. weight loss 3. increased pigmentation (due to ACTH and alpha MSH) 4. low BP 5. salt cravings |
|
|
why pigmentation in Addison's disease
|
loss of negative feedback --> high ACTH --> high MSH
|
|
|
hypothalamic hormones in the HP-thyroid axis (2)
|
TRH
SRIF |
|
|
TRH stands for
|
thyrotropin releasing hormone
|
|
|
anterior pit hormone in the HP-thyroid axis
|
TSH
|
|
|
thyroid hormones (2)
|
triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (T4) |
|
|
T3
|
triiodothyronine
|
|
|
T4
|
thyroxine
|
|
|
SRIF stands for
|
somatotropin release inhibiting factor
|
|
|
SRIF
|
inhibits TSH and GHrelease from the ant pit
|
|
|
thyroid hormone time frame
|
weeks-months
|
|
|
effect of thyroid hormone
|
increases BMR
|
|
|
negative feedback in the HP-thyroid axis
|
T3 and T4 inhibit TSH and TRH
SRIF inhibits TSH |
|
|
hypothalamic hormones involved in the Growth pathway
|
GHRH
SRIF |
|
|
anterior pit hormone in the growth pathway
|
GH
|
|
|
what does GH stimulate
|
1. growth and repair of bones
2. stimulates liver to secretes IGF-I 3. stimulates adipose to produce leptin |
|
|
GH AKA
|
somatotropin
|
|
|
somatotropin AKA
|
GH
|
|
|
negative feedback in the growth axis
|
IGF-I inhibits GHRH (hypothalamus) and GH (ant pit)
|
|
|
effect of IGF-I
|
growth
|
|
|
effects of leptin (5)
|
decreased appetite
increased energy output triggers puberty increases GH release decreases bone formation (Bad) |
|
|
why obese kids hit puberty earlier
|
they have more leptin
|
|
|
only way to reduce leptin
|
have less fat
|
|
|
type of loop between leptin and GH
|
feedforward
|
|
|
hormones in the prolactin axis (hypothalamic)
|
TRH/PRF
thyrotropin releasing hormone prolactin releasing hormone dopamine (inhibitory) |
|
|
inhibitory hormone in the prolactin axis
|
dopamine from the hypothalamus
|
|
|
anterior pituitary hormone in the prolactin axis
|
prolactin (PRL)
|
|
|
where is prolactin made
|
anterior pituitary
|
|
|
effects of prolactin (2)
|
1. differentiation of secretory cells
2. milk production |
|
|
type of inhibition produced by dopamine on prolactin
|
tonic inhibition
|
|
|
maybe factor in the prolactin axis
|
maybe stimulated by TRH
|
|
|
feedforward in the prolactin axis
|
suckling stimulates TRH (hypothalamus) and PRL (ant pit)
|
|
|
other than prolactin, what does suckling produce
|
estrogen
|
|
|
HP-GOnadal axis hypothalamic hormone
|
GnRH
|
|
|
HP-Gonadal axis ant pit hormones
|
LH
FSH |
|
|
negative feedback in the HP gonadal axis
|
testosterone
estrogen progesterone inhibin all inhibit hypothalamic GnRH and ant pit LH and FSH LH and FSH also inhibit GnRH |
|
|
effects of LH and FSH in gonads (2)
|
gametogenesis and maturation
steroidogenesis |
|
|
what are the two types of feedback in the HP gonadal axis called
|
short loop - from ant pit
long loop - from gonads |
|
|
name organ involved in energy homeostasis other than gut
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
role of hypothalamus
|
sensing organ
|
|
|
anterior pituitary develops from what
|
Rathke's pouch
ectoderm budded from gut |
|
|
stuff that gets produced in the ant pit during development in order of importance and timeframe
|
1. POMC (ACTH needed for survival)
2. TSH 3. GH 4. prolactin 5. LH/FSH |
|
|
causes of pituitary failure
|
mutations in: receptors, structure, TFs
|
|
|
posterior pituitary AKA
|
neurohypophysis
|
|
|
what causes vasopressin/ADH/AVP release from the neurohypophysis
|
increased osmolality
decrease in blood volume/BP |
|
|
inhibition in the vasopressin system
|
dopamine from the NS inhibits AVP release
|
|
|
effects of AVP/vasopressin/ADH
|
increased Na and H2O reabsorption
|
|
|
what measures Bv/BP
|
carotid sinus receptors
|
|
|
when BV and BP go down what else happens (other than AVP/vasopressin/ADH stimulation)
|
RAAS
|
|
|
where is oxytocin released from
|
posterior pituitary
|
|
|
effects of oxytocin (4)
|
milk let down
uterine contraction parturition maternal behaviour |
|
|
what signals oxytocin release (2)
|
vaginal/cervical stimulation
suckling |
|
|
what does not signal oxytocin release
|
anything from the brain
it is directly from uterus or breast |
|
|
other roles of oxytocin
|
feeding behaviour
gastric acid secretion BP, temp, HR stimulation of glucagon secretion gonadotropin secretion stress responses tubule contraction and sperm transfer in testis |
