Endocrine 2

Front 1

posterior pituitary gland

Back 1

acts mostly as storage, releases oxytocin and ADH

Front 2

anterior pituitary and hormones

Back 2

controlled by hypothalamus,
TSH
prolactin
Adrenocorticotropic ATCH
gonadotropins: LH FSM
GH
Melanoctye SH

Front 3

TSH

Back 3

thyroid stimulating,
normal activity of thyroid glands,
thyroid released thyroxin

Front 4

ATCH

Back 4

adrenocorticotropic hormone, stimulates adrenal to release glucocorticoids (stress)

Front 5

gonadotropins: FSH, LH

Back 5

levels rise during puberty
FSH: stimulates gamete production
LH: ovulation, testorerone

Front 6

prolactin

Back 6

females: milk production
males: testosterone

Front 7

GH

Back 7

growth hormone, stimulates mitosis and increase in size, targets bone cartilage and muscle

Front 8

gigantism/acromegaly
pituitary dwarfism

Back 8

hyper secretion in childhood,proportionally
hyper secretion in adult, large forehead elongated jaw/nose

drawfism: hypo in child

Front 9

MSH

Back 9

melanocyte stimulating
-makes melanin (skin pigment)
active during fetal childhood and pregnancy

Front 10

Posterior pituitary, ADH

Back 10

anti-directic
concentrations urine

Front 11

diabetes insipidus

Back 11

hyposecretion, large urine outputs, massive thirst, dehydration

Front 12

SIADH

Back 12

hypersecretion, decrease urine, fluid retention, hypertension, weight gain

Front 13

oxytocin

Back 13

females: contractions (positive feedback)
males: ejaculation

Front 14

thyroid gland

Back 14

biggest gland,two lobes
thyroid follicle: thyroxin
colloid
parafollicular:
thyroxin
triiodothryonine

Front 15

thyroid hormones

Back 15

thyroxin: 4 iodines, produce by follicles
triiodothryonine: target cells convert T4 to T3, targets everything except brain and gland itself
effect BMR, body temp.

Front 16

myexdema

Back 16

hypothyroid, musuc swelling
adult
weight gain low bar

Front 17

endemic goiter

Back 17

lack of iodine in diet

Front 18

cretinism

Back 18

hyposecretion in child, short disproportionate and mental deficits

Front 19

graves disease

Back 19

hyperthyroid in adult
antibodies minic TSH, always releasing
-high bar, irregular heartbeat, treated with removal
or radioactive

Front 20

calcitonin

Back 20

lowers blood calcium levels, targets skeleton
inhibits osteoclats (chew bone)
stimulates osteoblasts (deposits)

Front 21

parathyroid gland

Back 21

increases blood calcium,

Front 22

hyperparathyroid

Back 22

bone demineralization, calcium buildup

Front 23

hypoparathyroid

Back 23

trauma event caused, prolonged muscle contractions, loss of sensation

Front 24

adrenal cortex + 3 types

Back 24

does not store hormones, produced and released as needed
-mineralocorticoids
-Glucocorticoids

Front 25

mineralocorticoids

Back 25

regulates extracellular electrolytes, Na, K
aldosterone is most common

Front 26

aldosterone

Back 26

conserves sodium, removes K
effect lasts 20 minutes

Front 27

aldosteronism

Back 27

hyper secretion
usually due to tumour
excessive thirst, high blood pressure, weight gain, fluid retention

Front 28

Glucocorticoids

Back 28

energy metabolism, helps resist stress
normal: active in unfed state, helps maintain glucose
stress: spikes, maintains glucose

Front 29

cortisol

Back 29

bursts, highest in morning
forms glucose from fats and protein to provide glucose to brain

Front 30

Cushing’s Disease

Back 30

hyper secretion, depresses bone formation, depresses immune system, constant stress
signs: swollen moon face, tendency to bruise

Front 31

addisons disease

Back 31

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, results in weightloss , decreased sodium and glucose, increase potassium, severe dehydration

Front 32

gonadocorticoids

Back 32

stimulates onset of puberty in both sexes

Front 33

androgen

Back 33

testosterone, converted at target tissues to potent form, male sex hormone, female muslce formation

Front 34

androgential syndrome

Back 34

hypersecretion, masculinization, effects females and prepubescent males

Front 35

adrenal medulla:

Back 35

release of hormones controlled by sympathetic NS, low level of continual release
secrets stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 36

catecholamines

Back 36

epinephrine: heart and metabolic activities, major product, used for allergic reactions
nor: vaso constrictor, help with blood pressure, stops sending blood to non important functions

Front 37

catecholamine imbalances

Back 37

not required for life
hypersecretion: increased BMR HR, hypertension, sweating

Front 38

pineal gland hormone

Back 38

melatonin: rises and falls during day, response to darkness
functions: timing of puberty, setting circadian rhythm, role in body temp appetite and sleep

Front 39

SAD:

Back 39

seasonal affective disorder, milk depression from darkness

Front 40

pancreas: acinar cells

Back 40

exo/endocrine functions, secrets to GI, external to body
acinar cells produce juice that help digestion

Front 41

pancreatic islets:clusters of cells within pancreas that produce hormones
alpha cells:

Back 41

clusters of cells within pancreas that produce hormones
alpha: glucagon

Front 42

beta cells:

Back 42

secret insulin

Front 43

insulin

Back 43

lowers blood glucose, secreted as proinsulin the enzyme creates it to insult so that it doesnt act IN the pancreas
cells need glucose transporter that is activated by insulin
stimulates glycogen formation

Front 44

glucagon

Back 44

released glucose in blood
targets liver some muscle
fight or flight response
stimulates glycogen breakdown

Front 45

diabetes mellitus
types 1/2

Back 45

too high blood glucose
1: defective insulin production due to damage, childhood, glucose is not being taken in
2: adult,change in insulin receptors cuz of decrease in sensitivity

Front 46

signs and symptoms
poluria
polydipsia
polyphagia

Back 46

polyuria: excess urination, kidneys excreting peeing glucose
polydipsia: dehydration from peeing
polyphagia: excessive hunger since cells are starving since they cant take in glucose

Front 47

damage to other tissues

Back 47

blindness, obesity, kidney damage,heart problems

Front 48

hypoglycemia

Back 48

low blood sugar, usually due to excess insulin
anxiety, nervous, weak
decrease brain activity, treated with sugar

Front 49

ovaries

Back 49

estrogen: mature repo strucutres,menstral cycle, secondary characterisitics
progesterone: secreted by corpus luteum, helps uterine lining for implantation, highest before period, maintains pregnancy

Front 50

testis

Back 50

testosterone: maturation of rep organs, secondary charc
produced by intersistial cells
inhibin: inhibits FSH production when test levels are high

Front 51

other hormone producing organs

Back 51

placenta: sustains fetus (estrogen,progesterone)
intestines: controls activty of digestive tract
kidneys: erythropoetin, increase RBC production
heart: atrial peptide
thymus