Endochrine

Front 1

Endochrine gland

Back 1

Glands all over the body, take chemicals to blood stream

Front 2

Exocrine glands

Back 2

Take things out of the body, usually ducted

Front 3

Nervous Vs. Endochrine

Back 3

Nervous:

1:1

Localized signals

Short duration, rapid recovery

Endochrine:

1:Lots

Global Affects

Long duration long recovery

Front 4

Neurohormnes

Back 4

Neurons controlling hormones

Front 5

Hormone Diversity

Back 5

-Origins

-Structure

-Function

Front 6

Peptides

Back 6

Synthed into prehormones

Processed into prohomones

Cleaved to become hormones

Front 7

Steroids

Back 7

Processed by cholesterol

Sex steroids: Estrogen, progesterone, testost.

Cortical Steroids: From adrenal

Front 8

Amine Hormones

Back 8

Derived from amino acids

Front 9

Structure

Back 9

Peptides (water soluble) Easy

Steroids (Lipid soluble) Hard

Liver/Kidney

Front 10

Mechanisms

Back 10

Body adds or removes receptors to increase or decrease sensitivity

Solubility allows/disallows passage

Front 11

Alpha s

Back 11

-B-AR receptor

-Increase cAMP

-Increase RKA

Front 12

Alpha i

Back 12

-Increase phosphodiesterase

-Opposite of alpha s, turns off (inhibits)

-during flight or fight shut off parts to increase more important blood flow.

Front 13

Alpha q

Back 13

-Activates phospholipase C -> PiP2 -> IP3 & DAG

-DAG activates protein muscle kinase C

-IP3 Stimulates endoretic to release calcium (Smooth muscle contstriction)

Front 14

Non-GPRC signaling

Back 14

RTK's (receptor tyrosine kinases)

Receptor is kinase on inside of membrane, skips middle steps to turn on kinase activity

Front 15

Release factors

Back 15

-Changes in plasma (ion) & (organic)

-neurotransmitter activation

-Circadian rythms

(not mutually exclusive)

Front 16

Simple vs Complex path

Back 16

Gland controls release of it's own hormone

vs

anything else

Front 17

Blood calcium

Back 17

(simple)

Parathyroid- raises plasma (ca++)

CaLcitonin

(in thyroid)

Lowers plasma (ca++)

Front 18

Blood Glucose

Back 18

(simple)

Alpha Cells- Glucagon, raise

Beta Cells- Insulin, lower

Front 19

Fight or Flight

Back 19

(complex)

Sympathetic- Input to beta cells inhibits insulin

Parasymp- Input to beta cells stimulate release

(vargus X)

Front 20

Pituitary

Back 20

Anterior- Epithelial tissue/endocrine gland

Posterior- Nervous tissue/neuroendocrine

Front 21

Hypothalamus & Posterior

Back 21

-Homeostasis

-Neurohormones

Supraoptic region

Paraventricular nuclei

Hypothalamic hypophysial tract

Front 22

Hormones of Posterior Pituitary

Back 22

Oxytocin- Milk "letdown", uterine contractions

ADH (Vasopressin)- Water conversion

Front 23

Hypothalamus & anterior pituitary

Back 23

Tuberal Region- release (inhibiting) hormones

Tuberohypopyseal tract- axons from hypothal

Hypophyseal portal system- Vasculature

Front 24

3 control levels

Back 24

Hypothalamus- Releasing hormones

Anterior Pituitary- Tropic Hormone

Endocrine gland- Effector hormone

Front 25

Feedback types

Back 25

Ultra short-hormone on hypothal.

Short-- tropic hormone on hypothal.

Long- Effector hormone on hypothal. & anterior pituitary

Front 26

Growth hormone

Back 26

-Low plasma

-Raised plasma

-exercise

-sleep

-fasting

-stress

Front 27

Effects of Growth hormone

Back 27

Metabolic: Lipolysis, raises plasma

Growth: Amino uptake protein synth, cell growth

Front 28

Hyposecretion

Back 28

GH disorder, Dwarfism

-Genes

-tumors

-stress

Front 29

Hypersecretion

Back 29

Gigantism & Acromegaly

Front 30

Thyroid Anatomy

Back 30

Internal- Follicles & Colloid

Microscopic- Follicular & parafollicular cells

Front 31

Thyroid Follicle

Back 31

Functional unit of the thyroid gland

Consists of thyroid cells

Apical: Faces Lumen

Basal: Faces Blood

Capillary Plexus = Blood supply

Front 32

Thyroid Stim. Hormone

Back 32

TSH receptor activates thyroid hormone synth.

Effects include gene transcription, thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, thyroid hormones

Front 33

Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4)

Back 33

T4 more abundent, but T3 more potent

carried through plasma via TBG

Front 34

Thyroid Hormone effects (cell)

Back 34

Increase oxygen consumption

growth and differentiation in tandom w/ GH

LDL regulation (uptake)

Front 35

Thyroid Hormone effects (systemic)

Back 35

Basal metabolic rate increase

adrenegic receptor permissiveness

regulation of tissue growth & development

Front 36

Thyroid hormone regulation

Back 36

Rising T4 inhibits TRH and TSH

Reduced T4 stimulates TSH, cold temp ups TRH

Front 37

Hypothyroidism

Back 37

Adults- Low bmr, dermal issues, connective tissue deposition, lethargy, mental slowness

Youth- Cretinism, short, weird bodies & mental strugles

Front 38

Goiter

Back 38

Enlarged thyroid, common in iodine deficiency

Front 39

Graves Disease

Back 39

Autoimmune disorder where antibodies function like tsh

Front 40

Adrenal Gland

Back 40

Neurohormonal: Medulla & chromaffin cell

Fight or flight: Epi and Norepinephrine

Endocrine: Cortex, endocrine cell

Front 41

Layers of adrenal cortex

Back 41

Glomerulosa-Aldosterone

Fasculata-cortisol

Reticularis- Androgens

Front 42

Cortisol

Back 42

Primary responsible for metabolic changes

tragets- all tissue but brain

Front 43

Hypersecretion

Back 43

Cushings disease- hyperglycemia, bone mass loss, hypertension, edema.

Front 44

Hyposecretion

Back 44

Addison's disease- weight loss, low blood volume, dehydration, weird skin pigmentation.