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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endochrine gland |
Glands all over the body, take chemicals to blood stream |
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Exocrine glands |
Take things out of the body, usually ducted |
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Nervous Vs. Endochrine |
Nervous: 1:1 Localized signals Short duration, rapid recovery
Endochrine: 1:Lots Global Affects Long duration long recovery |
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Neurohormnes |
Neurons controlling hormones |
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Hormone Diversity |
-Origins -Structure -Function |
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Peptides |
Synthed into prehormones Processed into prohomones Cleaved to become hormones |
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Steroids |
Processed by cholesterol Sex steroids: Estrogen, progesterone, testost. Cortical Steroids: From adrenal |
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Amine Hormones |
Derived from amino acids
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Structure |
Peptides (water soluble) Easy
Steroids (Lipid soluble) Hard
Liver/Kidney |
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Mechanisms |
Body adds or removes receptors to increase or decrease sensitivity
Solubility allows/disallows passage |
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Alpha s |
-B-AR receptor -Increase cAMP -Increase RKA |
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Alpha i |
-Increase phosphodiesterase -Opposite of alpha s, turns off (inhibits) -during flight or fight shut off parts to increase more important blood flow. |
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Alpha q |
-Activates phospholipase C -> PiP2 -> IP3 & DAG -DAG activates protein muscle kinase C -IP3 Stimulates endoretic to release calcium (Smooth muscle contstriction) |
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Non-GPRC signaling |
RTK's (receptor tyrosine kinases) Receptor is kinase on inside of membrane, skips middle steps to turn on kinase activity |
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Release factors |
-Changes in plasma (ion) & (organic) -neurotransmitter activation -Circadian rythms (not mutually exclusive) |
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Simple vs Complex path |
Gland controls release of it's own hormone vs anything else |
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Blood calcium |
(simple) Parathyroid- raises plasma (ca++)
CaLcitonin (in thyroid) Lowers plasma (ca++) |
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Blood Glucose |
(simple) Alpha Cells- Glucagon, raise
Beta Cells- Insulin, lower |
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Fight or Flight |
(complex) Sympathetic- Input to beta cells inhibits insulin
Parasymp- Input to beta cells stimulate release (vargus X) |
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Pituitary |
Anterior- Epithelial tissue/endocrine gland
Posterior- Nervous tissue/neuroendocrine |
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Hypothalamus & Posterior |
-Homeostasis -Neurohormones
Supraoptic region
Paraventricular nuclei
Hypothalamic hypophysial tract |
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Hormones of Posterior Pituitary |
Oxytocin- Milk "letdown", uterine contractions
ADH (Vasopressin)- Water conversion |
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Hypothalamus & anterior pituitary |
Tuberal Region- release (inhibiting) hormones
Tuberohypopyseal tract- axons from hypothal
Hypophyseal portal system- Vasculature |
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3 control levels |
Hypothalamus- Releasing hormones
Anterior Pituitary- Tropic Hormone
Endocrine gland- Effector hormone |
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Feedback types |
Ultra short-hormone on hypothal.
Short-- tropic hormone on hypothal.
Long- Effector hormone on hypothal. & anterior pituitary |
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Growth hormone |
-Low plasma -Raised plasma -exercise -sleep -fasting -stress |
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Effects of Growth hormone |
Metabolic: Lipolysis, raises plasma
Growth: Amino uptake protein synth, cell growth |
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Hyposecretion |
GH disorder, Dwarfism
-Genes -tumors -stress |
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Hypersecretion |
Gigantism & Acromegaly |
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Thyroid Anatomy |
Internal- Follicles & Colloid
Microscopic- Follicular & parafollicular cells |
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Thyroid Follicle |
Functional unit of the thyroid gland Consists of thyroid cells
Apical: Faces Lumen
Basal: Faces Blood
Capillary Plexus = Blood supply |
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Thyroid Stim. Hormone |
TSH receptor activates thyroid hormone synth. Effects include gene transcription, thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, thyroid hormones |
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Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4) |
T4 more abundent, but T3 more potent
carried through plasma via TBG |
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Thyroid Hormone effects (cell) |
Increase oxygen consumption
growth and differentiation in tandom w/ GH
LDL regulation (uptake) |
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Thyroid Hormone effects (systemic) |
Basal metabolic rate increase
adrenegic receptor permissiveness
regulation of tissue growth & development |
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Thyroid hormone regulation |
Rising T4 inhibits TRH and TSH
Reduced T4 stimulates TSH, cold temp ups TRH |
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Hypothyroidism |
Adults- Low bmr, dermal issues, connective tissue deposition, lethargy, mental slowness
Youth- Cretinism, short, weird bodies & mental strugles |
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Goiter |
Enlarged thyroid, common in iodine deficiency |
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Graves Disease |
Autoimmune disorder where antibodies function like tsh |
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Adrenal Gland |
Neurohormonal: Medulla & chromaffin cell
Fight or flight: Epi and Norepinephrine
Endocrine: Cortex, endocrine cell |
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Layers of adrenal cortex |
Glomerulosa-Aldosterone
Fasculata-cortisol
Reticularis- Androgens |
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Cortisol |
Primary responsible for metabolic changes
tragets- all tissue but brain |
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Hypersecretion |
Cushings disease- hyperglycemia, bone mass loss, hypertension, edema. |
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Hyposecretion |
Addison's disease- weight loss, low blood volume, dehydration, weird skin pigmentation. |