End Of Prokaryotic Cell Chapter And Bacterial Growth

Front 1

What makes a good anti-microbial drug

Back 1

- to be non toxic to the host

-the components and molecules that are only present in bacteria and not in eukaryotic cells are the best to use to develop anti-biotics

-non-allergic

-able to read the part of the human body where the infection is ocurring

-inexpensive and easy to produce

-chemically stable

-selective toxicity

-some of the targets to decide antibiotics and the differences to determine some

Front 2

What makes a good anti-microbial drug photo.

Back 2

- Cell wall synthesis(D cycloserine, vancomycin, bacitracin, penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycines

-Cell wall integrity-beta-lactamases

-DNA Synthesis-Metronidazole

-DNA Gyrase-quinolones

-RNA Polymerase-Rifampicin

-phospholipid membranes-polymyxins

-Translation-protein synthesis(50S inhibitors)(erythromycin, choramphenicol, cindamycin, lincomycin)

-protein synthesis(30S inhibitors)-tetracyclines, streptomycin, spectinomycin, kanamycin

Front 3

Prokaryotes envelopes

most bacterial cells contains:

Back 3

1. cell membrane

2. cell wall (semi-rigid wall)

3. second membrane (some bacteria-->Cell (prokaryotes) envelope

Front 4

Prokaryotic cell structure and function

Back 4

-it has a cell wall

-cell membrane inside cell wall

-polyribosomes in the cytoplasm

-nucleoid is nuclear DNA

Front 5

A prokaryotic cell may also have

Back 5

a capsule, flagella, and/or pili

Front 6

Capsule or slime layer

wtf is it?

is it present in all bacterial cells

Back 6

-What it is: a layer of slime usually made of polysaccharide

-Ex: xanthan gum-a food additive

-It is not present in all bacterial cells

Front 7

Capsule or slime layer functions

Back 7

-protects cell from drying

-helps cell adhere to surfaces(contributes to biofilm formation)

-"antiphagocytic capsule"-protects bacteria from phagocytosis

Front 8

Biofilm photo explanation on a. human tooth and b. biofilm on a toothbrush bristle

Back 8

A. on the surface of a human tooth

B. on a toothbrush bristle. Note the variety of different cell sizes and morphologies. Inside the mouth, the plaque would be covered with a film of polysaccharide and other material, but the matrix becomes dehydrated during preparation of microscopy and is not visible here

Front 9

Capsule or slime layer bacterial capsule photo

Back 9

-the capsule is the fuzzy material surrounding the cell -envelopes in this electron micrograph thin section

-its thickness is about 1/4 of the cell's diameter

-Some bacteria have considerably thicker capsules

Front 10

Flagella

1. What is the function of flagella and

2. its types?

3. Is it present in all bacterial cells

Back 10

1. provide motility

2. monotrichous, Iophotrichous, and peritrichous

3. not present in all bacterial cells

Front 11

Arrangements of flagella and some types of bacteria

Back 11

A. Single polar flagellum(monotrichous)

B. Multiple polar flagella(Iophotrichous

C. Flagella arising from all around the cell (peritrichous)

Front 12

Flagella Parts

Back 12

1. helical filament

2. hook

3. basal body

Front 13

flagella filament

Back 13

composed of a single protein known as flagellin

Front 14

Bacterial flagella photos

A. sprillum volutans with polar flagella

Back 14

A. only have flagella emerging from the ends of the cell

Front 15

B. petrichous flagella

Back 15

B. salmonella enterica; has flagella distributed on the cell surface

Front 16

C. Bacterial flagella all have common molecular structure

Back 16

c. the flagellum is embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane through the basal body.

-the flagellar motor, a protein complex embedded in the plasma membrane, rotates the flagellum

Front 17

where is the flagellum

Back 17

-embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane through the basal body

Front 18

the flagellar motor function

Back 18

a protein complex embedded in the plasma membrane, rotates the flagellum

Front 19

chemotaxis

Back 19

-motility from flagella

Front 20

how chemotaxis occurs

Back 20

-by using chemoreceptor proteins to sense changes in concentrations of attractants or repellents, cells can produce more runs to move in a particular direction

Front 21

Random walk chemotaxis

Back 21

`

Front 22

Positive chemotaxis

Back 22

-prolonged runs can move a bacterium toward a chemical

Front 23

Negative chemotaxis

Back 23

-prolonged runs also can move a bacterium away from a chemical

Front 24

Nonflagellar motility: gliding motility definition and examples

Back 24

smooth sliding over a surface, not well understood(myxobacteria, cyanobacteria)

Front 25

Nonflagellar motility: twitching motility

Back 25

slow, jerky process using fibers (pili) that can be extended, attached to a surface, and pulled back to pull along a surface

-Ex. N. meningitidis, P. aeruginosa

Front 26

Surface motility of Acinetobacter baumanni strains on semi-solid media

Back 26

-suspensions of bacteria containing the non-motile ATCC 19606 strain

a. three clonally distinct clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumanni

(b-d) were deposited on the center of plates containing .4% agar and allowed to grow at 37C for 42h. Figure from the laboratory of Jeronimo Pachon

Front 27

Pili Functions(CAT)

Back 27

1. attachment

2. twitching motility

3. conjugation pili(for DNA transfer)

CAT!

Front 28

Flagella and pili seen under the electron microscope

Back 28

A. flagella inserted at the pole of a bacterium. in other organisms, flagella are inserted all over the cell or a single flagellum may be inserted at a cell's pole

B. Pili surrounding a gram-negative bacterium

Front 29

We carried out the gram stain on a culture of gram negative cells but forgot to add safranin in the last step. What would we see under the microscope? Why?

Back 29

-NOTHING b/c gram negative does not pick up the PEP

-purple BG with white cells

Front 30

Prokaryotic cell structure and function

Back 30

a. envelopes and appendages

b. the cell interior

Front 31

The cytoplasm. What is in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells?

Back 31

- macromolecules (tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, proteins, etc.)

- nucleoid- the most massive component in the cytoplasm

-inclusion bodies may also be present

Front 32

nucleoid

Back 32

-the most massive component of the cytoplasm

Front 33

inclusion bodies: polyhydroxybutyrate granules

Back 33

carbon storage

Front 34

inclusion bodies: sulfur globules

Back 34

sulfur storage

Front 35

inclusion bodies gas vesicles

Back 35

buoyancy control

Front 36

inclusion bodies carboxysomes

Back 36

location of carbon fixation reactions

Front 37

inclusion bodies: magnetosomes

Back 37

organelle associated with direction finding

Front 38

names of all the inclusion bodies that may be present in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

Back 38

-polyhydroxybutyrate granules: carbon storage

-sulfur globules: sulfur storage

-gas vesicles: buoyancy control

-carboxysomes: location of C fixation reactions

-magnetosomes: organelle associated with direction finding

Front 39

What's inside the cell membrane of prokaryotes:

nucleoid

Back 39

-repository of genome

-transcription

Front 40

cytosol: what is in it?

Back 40

polyribosomes, enzymes, regulatory proteins, metabolites, precursors, energy compounds, salts

Front 41

Cytosol: polyribosomes

Back 41

protein synthesis

Front 42

cytosol: enzymes

Back 42

metabolism

Front 43

cytosol: regulatory proteins

Back 43

regulation of gene expression

Front 44

cytosol: metabolites, precursors, energy compounds, salts

Back 44

participate in metabolism

Front 45

Vesicle organelles (in some only)

Back 45

gas vesicles, photosynthetic vesicles, chemosynthetic vesicles, carboxysomes, enterosomes

Front 46

Gas vesicle

Back 46

cell buoyancy

Front 47

photosynthetic vesicles

Back 47

photosynthesis

Front 48

chemosynthetic vesicles

Back 48

chemosynthesis

Front 49

vesicles:carboxysomes

Back 49

-enhance CO2 fixation in heterotrophs

Front 50

vesicles:enterosomes

Back 50

metabolism of propanediol, others

Front 51

Storage granule function and components

Back 51

-Function:store energy rich compounds

-acidocalcisomes; others

Front 52

storage granule components: acidocalcisomes function

Back 52

polyphosphates, polyhydroxyalkanoates

Front 53

other storage granule components

Back 53

glycogen-like compounds, sulfur compounds

Front 54

other structures: magnetosomes function

Back 54

involved in directional orientation with respect to magnetic field

Front 55

The cell interior: nucleoid

Back 55

-irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the geneticmaterial

Front 56

the cell interior

Back 56

-- the genome of most prokaryotes is a single circular chromosome

-prokaryotes also commonly carry plasmids - extrachromosomal DNA circles

Front 57

plasmids

Back 57

extrachomosomal DNA circles

Front 58

The cell interior: functions of the DNA nucleoid(genome)

Back 58

-genetic information storage

-gene expression

Front 59

Gene

Back 59

-the genetic unit of function

-a gene may encode a protein or a non-translated RNA (eg. rRNA or tRNA)

Front 60

gene expression

Back 60

-the process by which a gene product is made. --For genes that encode proteins, the gene must be transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein.

-- For genes that encode rRNAor tRNA, the gene must be transcribed into RNA.

Front 61

The cell interior: the nucleoid

Back 61

-the length of DNA in genome of E. coli is ~1000x the length of the cell

-is highly supercoiled, condensed and compacted; details of how stillunknown (compare with euks)

-individual supercoiled domains

-TXN and TSN occur at the interface between the nucleoid and the cytoplasm

Front 62

DNA gyrase /topoisomerase I and coils

Back 62

DNA gyrase adds supercoils

topoisomerase I relaxes supercoils

Front 63

quinolone

Back 63

-inhibits supercoiling by DNA gyrase

- ciproflaxacin is a quinolone antibiotic

Front 64

rifampin

Back 64

-antibiotic that inhibits RNA polymerase that helps with the TXN and TSN at the interface between the nucleoid and cytoplasm

Front 65

Genome sizes of archaea and bacteria Figure 3.3

Back 65

-the overall range in genome sizes is about 20-fold

-note that genomes of 2 strains of E.coli, O157:H7 and K-12 (arrows), differ by about 20% or 1 million base pairs

Front 66

The cell interior: bacterial genome components

CPTIITP

Back 66

chromosome

plasmid(s)

transposon(s)

integron(s)

insertion sequence(s)

-the plasmids are included but chromosomes are different than plasmids

-all genetic material in bacterial cell is the genome

-from one site to another also is the genome

-nucleoid-has the chromosomes

Front 67

plasmid

Back 67

-variable, encodes non-chromosomal genes (antibiotic resistance, virulence factors

-can change from virulent to pathenogenic

-most confer advantage from bacteria through selective pressure

Front 68

The cell interior:

Bacterial cytoplasm components

Back 68

polyribosomes-protein synthesis

enzymes

regulatory proteins

metabolites, precursors, energy compounds, salts

-all material in the cell is the genome

-

Front 69

polyribosomes

Back 69

protein synthesis in cytosol

Front 70

enzymes

Back 70

metabolism

Front 71

regulatory proteins

Back 71

regulation of gene expression

Front 72

metabolites, precursors, energy compounds, salts

Back 72

participate in metabolism

Front 73

electron micrograph of a thin section through an E. coli cell

Back 73

the clear irregular area corresponding to the nucleoid(N) has been outlined in the lower picture.

-the granular appearance of the rest of the cell, the cytoplasm (C), reflects its high content of ribosomes

Front 74

the cell interior: inclusion and vesicles

i got my car to get pho hoping that msg init didn't have nitrogen in it. hope i don't fart and smell like sulfur and have farts that are buoyant

Back 74

-storage of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen, sulfur, buoyancy

Front 75

figure 3.4. two gargantuan bacteria

Back 75

A. the world's largest known prokaryote, T. namibiensis. the white bodies are sulfur granules made by the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide.most of the cell consists of a vacuole filled with nitrate. the cytoplasm is a thin shell, about 1 micrometer thick, in the same range as that of common bacteria

B. E. fishelsoni, the world's biggest bacterium, if the vacuole of T. namibiensis is excluded

note the difference in scale. on either scale, an ordinary bacterium would be smaller than the period at the end of this sentence

Front 76

the bacterial cytoskeleton

Back 76

-internal proteins that assist in keeping everything in(or moving it to) the right locations in cells.

-provide cell shape and assist in division

Front 77

Z ring

Back 77

-derived from FtsZ protein cell division and causes the cell membrane to constrict.

-aids in cell division

-what if we have a e.coli mutant? they will grow like filaments of e.coli

Front 78

Back 78

Front 79

1. which of the following chemicals if found only in the membrane of gram negative bacteria

Back 79

-lipopolysaccharide(LPS)

Front 80

2. which of the following structures is not an internal structure of a bacteria?

Back 80

fimbriae

Front 81

bacterial taxonomy

Back 81

-most microbes still can't be cultured

-bacteria that grow are named according to the standard binomial system

-only names to ones that can be recovered in the lab

-defined as a species or group of strains that have 1 sole feature

Front 82

species

Back 82

group of strains sharing common features, while differing considerably from other strains

Front 83

genus

Back 83

group of closely related species

Front 84

bacterial taxonomy succession photo and table 2.3

Back 84

Front 85

Features that bacterial taxonomy classification depends on

Back 85

-size/shape

-gram type

-colony morphology

-presence of structures such as capsules/endospores

-physiologic/metabolic traits

-DNA sequence data (in more recent years)

Front 86

bacterial taxonomy order

Super genious ferret on cat pokes king dom for life

Back 86

species>genus>family>order>class>phylum>kingdom>domain>life