Enbio Exam 3

Front 1

Ecosystem made up of (2)

Back 1

Community (living organisms)
Abiotic environment around it

Front 2

Primary Productivity

Back 2

rate of biomass production, measure of conversion from solar energy to chemical energy

Front 3

Trophic level

Back 3

feeding status within the community
primary producers
consumers (tertiary, secondary, primary)

Front 4

Complexity

Back 4

measure of how big the food web is:
1. # species at each trophic level
2. # trophic levels represented

Front 5

primary producers

Back 5

photosynthesize

Front 6

consumer

Back 6

2ndary productivity: manufacture of biomass production by plant-eating organisms

Front 7

food chain

Back 7

linked feeding series

Front 8

food web

Back 8

combination of all food chains/linked feeding series within a community

Front 9

why we lose energy between stages (2)

Back 9

1. exploitation efficiency
2. assimilation efficiency

Front 10

exploitation efficiency

Back 10

not all biomass or energy present in lower trophic level is captured

Front 11

assimilation efficiency

Back 11

not all captured energy or biomass is transferred

Front 12

ecological pyramid lessons (4)

Back 12

1. explains rarity of top carnivores
2. feeding human population
3. pollution
4. trophic cascade

Front 13

trophic cascade

Back 13

effects on one trophic level flow up or down to other trophic levels

Front 14

ecotones

Back 14

boundaries between communities
open or closed community

Front 15

closed community

Back 15

sharp boundary (ecotone)

Front 16

open community

Back 16

fuzzy or nondescript boundary (ecotone)

Front 17

evidence for genetic basis of behavior

Back 17

1. use of genetic mutants (mutate specific genes)
2. artificial selection experiments (breed for behavior)
3. study populations with genetic differences (same species, different areas)
4. genetic mosaics
5. hybrids

Front 18

genetic basis (correlation)

Back 18

gene makes an individual more or less likely to perform a given behavior

Front 19

genetic determinism

Back 19

gene has absolute control over behavior

Front 20

example of environmental effects

Back 20

1. environment of developing embryo
2. early sensory experiences
3. learning

Front 21

learning

Back 21

relatively PERMANENT change in behavior or the POTENTIAL FOR BEHAVIOR that results from EXPERIENCE rather than maturation

Front 22

permanent change

Back 22

some internal processes change (in memory). doesn't guarantee later recall

Front 23

potential for behavior

Back 23

latent/unexpressed learning

Front 24

experience

Back 24

all aspects of the environment that define an individual from birth to death

Front 25

2 types of learning

Back 25

1. associative
2. non-associative
(also observational, insight?)

Front 26

associative learning (2)

Back 26

behavior is modified through association:
classical conditioning
operant conditioning

Front 27

classical conditioning

Back 27

paired presentation of stimuli leads to an association between these 2 stimuli

Front 28

operant conditioning

Back 28

association between behavioral action and reward or punishment

Front 29

non-associative learning (2)

Back 29

habituation
sensitization

Front 30

habituation

Back 30

decrease in response to a stimulus with no positive or negative consequences, learning not to respond

Front 31

sensitization

Back 31

period of high responsiveness following reward or punishment

Front 32

learning preparedness

Back 32

natural selection shapes the boundaries within which an animal is able to learn: biologically programmed to make some associations and not others

Front 33

communication

Back 33

an action by one animal that alters the behavior of another: a relationship

Front 34

types of communication (3)

Back 34

true communication (sender and receiver benefit)
manipulation (sender benefits, receiver unaffected or unharmed)
exploitation (sender unaffected or harmed, receiver benefits)

Front 35

function of signals (6)

Back 35

recognition
reproduction
aggressive interactions/competition
communication about predators
communication about food
parental care

Front 36

modes of communication (4)

Back 36

visual
chemical
auditory
tactile

Front 37

visual

Back 37

fast, direct

bad at night, over distances, in crowded habitats

Front 38

chemical

Back 38

works at night, around obstacles, lasts days, mate ID, marking space


not directed, slow

Front 39

auditory

Back 39

travels far, around obstacles, night, fast, through water/air, good for locating at a distance or as alarm call.


indiscriminate

Front 40

tactile

Back 40

personal, directed, private

must be close, element of trust

Front 41

how to convey more information (2)

Back 41

enrichment devices
redundancy

Front 42

enrichment devices (5)

Back 42

medley (more than one at once)
metacommunication (communication about meaning of further communication)
regulate intensity
syntax
contextual

Front 43

why redundancy?

Back 43

reduce risk of misinterpretation
assess motivational states or conditions
coordinate arousal states or reproduction
increase memorability

Front 44

origination of signals (2)

Back 44

intention movements
displacement activities

Front 45

evolution of signals/ritualization (4)

Back 45

exaggeration
stereotyping
freezing of movement into postures
change in functon

Front 46

signs of higher cognitive ability

Back 46

tools? nah
language(if more than just repetition of signals)
self-awareness
problem-solving
planning (intentionality)
death

Front 47

why disperse (costs: hard to find food, at risk from predators) (3)

Back 47

inbreeding avoidance hypothesis (dispersal is single sex)
competition (for mates)
colonization of new habitat (potentially high fitness gains outweigh cost of dispersal)

Front 48

migration

Back 48

long-range, 2-way movement
triggered by environmental cues
special physiological changes in individual

Front 49

reasons to migrate (2)

Back 49

abundant food
safe, protected mating sites

Front 50

optimal foraging theory

Back 50

natural selection favors those individuals whose foraging behavior is as energetically efficient as possible

Front 51

2 basic assumptions of OFT

Back 51

energy intake correlates with fitness
animals really behave optimally for foraging

Front 52

OFT predicts

Back 52

acceptance of low prof. food item depends only on abundance of the higher prof. item and is independent of its own abundance
as abundance of high prof items increases, low prof items will be eliminated from the diet

Front 53

additional considerations to the OFT

Back 53

nutrients
toxins

Front 54

3 threats to grizzly's food (nutrients)

Back 54

cut-throat trout
white-bark pine nut
cut-worm moth

Front 55

why an animal won't follow OFT (2)

Back 55

competition
predation

Front 56

why sex?

Back 56

variation:
not with respect to abiotic environment,

red queen hypothesis: run as fast as you can to stay in the same place

Front 57

reproductive strategies

Back 57

males: competition over mates
females: choosy, selective about mating

Front 58

why diff rep. strategies? (2)

Back 58

parental investment (motive)
operational sex ratio (opportunity)

Front 59

sexual selection (4)

Back 59

explains differences between males and females

intra-sexual selection
inter-sexual selection
runaway sexual selection
sensory exploitation hypothesis

Front 60

intra-sexual

Back 60

male competition:
mate guarding
multiple mating
sperm competition

Front 61

inter-sexual selection (2)

Back 61

mate/female choice:
direct benefit
good genes

Front 62

how females judge good genes (4)

Back 62

physical characteristics
physical displays
handicap principle
parasite load theory

Front 63

runaway sexual selection

Back 63

genetically based male trait is beneficial
evolution of genetically based female preference for extreme values
train becomes correlated in offspring: correlated selection
passes optimal

Front 64

sensory exploitation hypothesis

Back 64

males evolve structures that exploit females pre-existing sensory bias

Front 65

sexual conflict (3)

Back 65

mating decisions (multiple matings,forced matings, stealing nuptual gifts)
parental care
infanticide

Front 66

mating systems (3)

Back 66

polygyny (1 male, mult. females, resource defense, female defense, scramble competition)
polyandry (1 female, mult. males, sex role reversal, equal opp sex lottery)
monogomy

Front 67

monogomy (2)

Back 67

mate assistance hypothesis
mate guarding (female enforced monogomy)

Front 68

types of biodiversity (3)

Back 68

genetic diversity
ecological diversity
species diversity

Front 69

genetic diversity

Back 69

# of different variations of the same gene in indv. species

Front 70

ecological diversity

Back 70

richness and complexity of the community

Front 71

species diversity

Back 71

number of different kinds of organims

Front 72

biodiversity hot spots

Back 72

areas with exceptionally high numbers of endemic species

Front 73

probs with hotspot approach to conservation (3)

Back 73

ignores aquatic systems
neglects rare or endangered species in cold spots
ignores importance of less diverse communities that are still important

Front 74

why biodiversity matters/how we benefit (3)

Back 74

direct economic value
indirect economic value
ethical, cultural, aesthetic value

Front 75

direct economic value

Back 75

food
drugs and medicine

Front 76

indirect economic value

Back 76

climate regulation
erosion control
groundwater filtering

Front 77

why biodiversity matters for ecosystem function

Back 77

link btwn more kinds of organisms and ecosystem stability
impossible to predict consequences of removing biodiversity from an ecosystem
redundancy is important

Front 78

what threatens biodiversity?

Back 78

extinction

Front 79

what leads to extinction/threats to biodiversity

Back 79

HIPPO
habitat destruction and fragmentation
invasive species
pollution
population (human)
overharvesting/exploitation

Front 80

US ESA (1975)

Back 80

Endangered
Threatened

Front 81

problems/challenges for the ESA (3)

Back 81

listing is slow
recovery plans
funding

Front 82

species classifications within funding for ESA (4)

Back 82

keystone
indicator
umbrella
flagship