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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most environmental problems results from
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complex, interrelated problems
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In explaining your choice of an environmental science major in college to your roommate, you would probably emphasize the fact that environmental science is a(n)
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applied interdisciplinary field with an emphasis on solving problems.
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Of the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive reasoning?
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If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs.
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The statement, "Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs." is an example of
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inductive reasoning.
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Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir, advocate saving natural areas for their
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beauty and wildlife habitat.
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The point of critical thinking is to learn to
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weigh all the evidence and draw your own conclusions.
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One of the first steps in critical thinking is to
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identify premises and conclusions.
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Evidence of progress in dealing with population problems is best illustrated by
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a decrease in the average number of children born to each woman.
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The world's poorest people _______________ environmental degradation.
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both cause and suffer from
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When testing a new drug to treat arthritis what method should be used to avoid bias in the data?
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double-blind experiments
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Compared to poorer countries, which of the following is not true of richer nations?
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they have higher fertility
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Which of the following was key to the recovery of the Apo Island's reef fish population?
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The establishment of a small marine sanctuary
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Places in the world where indigenous people live tend to have high biodiversity. True or False?
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True
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If you heard that cultural diversity was disappearing in one of the most culturally diverse regions of the world, you would
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deduce that biodiversity was disappearing as well, because the two tend to go hand in hand
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On Apo Island, a history of destructive fishing habits had the affect of
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Destroying habitat
Diminishing biodiversity Impoverishing the local economy Overexploiting available resources |
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Random samples are used
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to eliminate bias from a study
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The relationship among atoms, elements, and compounds is most like the relationship among
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grains of sugar, sugar, and sweetened iced tea.
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Which of the following statements would change this into a true statement: "Most, but not all, living organisms are made up of organic compounds"?
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All living organisms are made up of organic compounds.
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Energy is the ability to
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Both move objects and transfer heat from one object to another are true.
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The motion of a rock rolling downhill is known as __________ energy.
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Kinetic
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Metabolism can be seen as the process of converting
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potential energy into kinetic energy.
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Photosynthesis is the process of converting __________ into __________ energy.
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sunlight; chemical bond
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The process of cellular respiration
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releases energy from chemical bonds of molecules such as glucose.
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An ecosystem consists of
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a biological community and its physical environment.
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Producers rely on ____________ to release chemical energy and consumers rely on ____________ to release chemical energy.
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cellular respiration; cellular respiration
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Energy enters a system as sunlight and a producer is able to produce 10 kilograms of tissue. If eaten, the producer would produce about ______ kilograms of consumer tissue that would provide about __________ kilograms of tissue for a secondary consumer.
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1; 0.1
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Which is not a characteristic of acids?
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they readily give up hydrogen ions
they have a pH of less than 7 they react easily with living tissue they react easily with nonliving minerals |
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Water expands when it crystallizes.
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True
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Which biogeochemical cycle lacks an atmospheric component?
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The phosphorous cycle.
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Which of the following is not a common strategy for successful intraspecific competition?
eating prey before they are "ready" (ripe) for other species spreading seeds or offspring far and fast producing substances that are toxic to competitors the life cycle of dragonflies (the larva live in the water) |
They all are.
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Evolution occurs as a result of
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better survival or reproduction rates by individuals with a particular characteristic.
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Regular lawn mowing selects for short-headed rather than tall-headed dandelions because
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tall flowers cannot reproduce.
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A titmouse and a chickadee are living in the same territory and are using some of the same resources. The best way to classify this interaction is as
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interspecific competition.
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An especially effective strategy for reducing intraspecific competition is
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different ecological niches for juveniles and adults.
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Symbiosis means
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living together
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In the partnership of a lichen, the fungus provides _________ and the relationship is best described as _______.
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structure and moisture-holding ability; mutualism
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An organism's biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring
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that it can produce.
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A dieback, or population crash, often occurs after a species ________ its environmental carrying capacity.
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overshoots
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In a biological community where diversity is great, such as a tropical rainforest, the abundance of any one species is likely to be
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small
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Complexity in an ecological community has to do with the number of
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species at each trophic level.
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A community with hundreds of different types of primary producers, a few herbivores, and only one carnivore, has
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little complexity.
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Primary succession occurs when a community develops ____________ while secondary succession occurs when one ________.
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on unoccupied ground; biological community replaces another
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As ecological development proceeds, a biological community
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becomes more diverse.
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What term describes species which arise in non-overlapping geographic regions?
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allopatric speciation
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Which of the following is not generally true of k-selected species compared to r-selected species?
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they have shorter generation times
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The most common reason that introduced species cause trouble is because they are larger than native species.
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False
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The introduction of a predator onto an island originally free from predators is likely to cause the extinction of a native species.
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True
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Environmental science
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systematic study of our environment and our place in it
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Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations.
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Sustainable Development
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Logical reasoning from general to specific
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deductive reasoning
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Reasoning from many observations to produce a general rule
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Inductive reasoning
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An experiment where observations are done of events that have already happened
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Natural Experiment
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An experiment where conditions are deliverately altered and all other variables are held constant
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Manipulative Experiment
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A new idea that emerges that causes a major shift in the scientific consensus
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Paradigm Shifts
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The use of scientific methods to study processes and systems in the environment in which we live
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Environmental science
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Working to influence attitudes and policies that affect our environment.
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Environmentalism
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Logical, orderly, analytical assessment of ideas, evidence and arguments
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Critical Thinking
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Thinking that involves breaking problems down into its constituent parts
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Analytical Thinking
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Approaching a problem in a new and inventive way
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Creative thinking
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Thinking about what does it all mean?
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Reflective thinking
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Believed in pragmatic utilitarian conservation
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Pinchot and Roosevelt
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Founder of the Sierra Club, argued that nature deserves to exist for its own sake regardless of its usefulness to us. Prioritizes preservation
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John Muir
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Planted thousands of trees, conservation is the positive exercise of skill and insight, not merely a negative exercise of abstinence or caution, founder of the the Wilderness Society
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Aldo Leopold
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Movement might be called modern environmentallism, because its concerns extend to include both natural resources and environmental pollution
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Rachel Carson
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The idea that economic improvement for the world's poorest populations is possible without devastating the environment
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Sustainable Developement
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Pioneers of the modern environmentalism movement
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Barry Commoner and David Brower
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Founder of the Green Belt Movement, a way of organizing poor rural women and restoring their environment
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Dr. Maathai
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Network of interdependent components and processes, with materials and energy flowing from one component to another
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System
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Receives inputs from their surroundings and produce outputs that leave the system
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Open Systems
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Exchanges no energy or matter with its surroundings
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Closed System, very rare
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The energy and matter that flow into, through and out of a system
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Throughput
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An increase in the state variable leads to further increases in the same variable
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Positive Feedback
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This has a dampening effect, too many fish in a pond leads to food scarcity, which leads to fish mortality
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Negative Feedback
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Tendency to remain more or less stable and unchanging
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Homeostasis
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Events that destabilize or change a system
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Disturbances
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An ability for an ecosystem to return to their previous condition after a disturbance
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Resilience
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When conditions of an ecosystem do not return to normal
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State Shift
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Want to give up their hydrogen ions, react readily with living tissues
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Acids
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Readily bond with hydrogen ions,
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Bases
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Four main categories of organic compounds
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lipids, carbs, proteins and nucleic acids
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The ability to do work, such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer between two objects
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Energy
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The primary producers are
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Green Plants
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Extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds
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Chemosynthesis
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Want to give up their hydrogen ions, react readily with living tissues
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Acids
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Want to give up their hydrogen ions, react readily with living tissues
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Acids
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Converts radiant energy into useful, high-quality chemical energy in the bonds that hold together organic molecules
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Photosynthesis
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The process of releasing chemical energy
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Cellular Respiration
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All the organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring
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Species
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All the members of a species living in a given area at the same time.
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Population
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Readily bond with hydrogen ions,
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Bases
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Readily bond with hydrogen ions,
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Bases
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Four main categories of organic compounds
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lipids, carbs, proteins and nucleic acids
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The ability to do work, such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer between two objects
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Energy
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The primary producers are
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Green Plants
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Extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds
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Chemosynthesis
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Converts radiant energy into useful, high-quality chemical energy in the bonds that hold together organic molecules
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Photosynthesis
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The process of releasing chemical energy
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Cellular Respiration
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All the organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring
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Species
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All the members of a species living in a given area at the same time.
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Population
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Four main categories of organic compounds
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lipids, carbs, proteins and nucleic acids
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The ability to do work, such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer between two objects
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Energy
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The primary producers are
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Green Plants
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Extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds
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Chemosynthesis
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Converts radiant energy into useful, high-quality chemical energy in the bonds that hold together organic molecules
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Photosynthesis
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The process of releasing chemical energy
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Cellular Respiration
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All the organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring
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Species
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All the members of a species living in a given area at the same time.
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Population
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Want to give up their hydrogen ions, react readily with living tissues
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Acids
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Readily bond with hydrogen ions,
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Bases
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Four main categories of organic compounds
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lipids, carbs, proteins and nucleic acids
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The ability to do work, such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer between two objects
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Energy
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The primary producers are
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Green Plants
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Extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds
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Chemosynthesis
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Converts radiant energy into useful, high-quality chemical energy in the bonds that hold together organic molecules
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Photosynthesis
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The process of releasing chemical energy
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Cellular Respiration
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All the organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring
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Species
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All the members of a species living in a given area at the same time.
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Population
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Composed of a biological community and its physical environment
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Ecosystem
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The acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment
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Adaptation
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The process of the fittest individuals passing their traits to the next generation more successfully
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Natural Selection
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Min and max levels beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce
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Tolerance Limits
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The place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives
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Habitat
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The role played by a species in a biological community and the total set of environmental factors that determine a species distribution
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Ecological Niche
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Animals that have a wide range of tolerance for many environmental factors
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Generalists like rats and roaches
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Animals that have more exacting habitat requirements and tend to have lower reproductive rates
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Specialists like pandas
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No two species can occupy the same ecological niche for long
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Competitive exclusion principle
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Allows several species to utilizes different parts of the same resource and coexist within a single habitat
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Resource Partitioning
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The development of a new species. It usually occurs because of geographical isolation
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Speciation
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New species arise in nonoverlapping geographic locations
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Allopatric Speciation
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When a new species arises in the same location as the ancestor species
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Sympatric Speciation
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Competition among members of the same species
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Intraspecific Competition
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Competition between members of different species
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Interspecific Competition
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Relationships where two or more species live intimately together with their fates linked. This includes mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation and competition
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Symbiosis
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When both species benefit in a symbiotic partnership
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Mutualism
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Type of symbiosis in which one member clearly benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed
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Commensalism
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A form of predation, in which a parasite depends on its host.
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Parasitism
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A species that plays a critical role in a biological community that is out of proportion to its abundance, more common in aquatic habitats
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Keystone Species
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The number or biomass of animals that can be supported in a certain area of habitat
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Carrying Capacity
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Species that has a high reproductive rate
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r-selected species
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Species with a slower growth
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K-selected species
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The number of different species per unit area
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Diversity
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Number of individuals of a species in an area
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Abundance
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Mostly uniform environment big enough to support nearly all the plants and animals that are typically found in that community
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Core Habitat
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Border between two communities
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Ecotone
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Where communities meet, the environmental conditions blend and the species and microclimate of one community can penetrate the other these are called ____
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Edge Effects
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The number of trophic levels in a community and the number of species at each of the trophic levels
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Complexity
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Land that is bare of soil, sandbar, mudslide, rock face, volcanic flow.
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Primary Succession
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When an exsisting community is disturbed, a new one developes from the the biological legacy of the old in a process of
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Secondary succession
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