Emt: Brady Emergency Care 12Th Edition - Chapter 2 - The Well Being Of An Emt - Part 2

Front 1

Define "stress."

Back 1

Stress is a state of physical and/or psychological arousal to a stimulus.

Front 2

What term does Dr. Hans Selye give to the body's response to stress?

Back 2

"General adaptation syndrome."

Front 3

What are the three stages of the human body's response to stress (general adaptation syndrome)?

Back 3

1) Alarm reaction
2) Stage of resistance
3) Exhaustion

Front 4

What's the first stage of the body's response to stress called?

What happens during that stage?

Back 4

"Alarm reaction."

During this stage, your sympathetic nervous system increases its activity (fight or flight). Everything is stimulated and ready to perform, and the body produces elevated levels of cortisol.

Front 5

What's the second stage of the body's response to stress called?

What happens during that stage?

Back 5

"Stage of Resistance."

Your systems return to normal. You have adapted to the stimulus and it no longer causes you any problems.

Front 6

What's the third stage of the body's response to stress called?

What happens during that stage?

Back 6

"Exhaustion."

This occurs when the stressor is especially severe or prolonged. Three major physical side effects may manifest -- enlarged adrenal glands, wasting of lymph nodes, and bleeding ulcers. Other peripheral side effects manifest as well. Most individuals don't reach this stage.

Front 7

Define "critical incident."

Back 7

A critical incident is any situation that triggers a strong emotional response.

Front 8

Define "acute stress reaction."

Back 8

An acute stress reaction is a reaction that occurs simultaneously with or shortly after the critical incident

Front 9

Define "delayed stress reaction."

Back 9

A delayed stress reaction (another word for post-traumatic stress disorder) is a reaction that can occur at any time -- days and even years -- after a critical incident.

Front 10

Define "cumulative stress reaction."

Back 10

A cumulative stress reaction, also known as burnout, occurs as a result of prolonged recurring stressors.

Front 11

What are some results of an acute stress reaction that would make immediate intervention necessary?

Back 11

Signs and symptoms that indicate acute medical or psychological problems (e.g. chest pain, trouble breathing, abnormal heart rhythms, uncontrollable crying, inappropriate behavior, inability to be rational) require immediate intervention.

Front 12

What does the progression of cumulative stress reaction look like?

Back 12

Early signs: these are subtle, such as vague anxiety, boredom, apathy

Intermediate signs: emotional exhaustion, loss of emotional control, withdrawal

Late signs: Migraines, loss of sex drive, increased smoking and drinking, poor interpersonal relationships, physical illness, poor performance, lack of self-control

Front 13

Generally speaking, what are some of the most stressful types of calls an EMT must answer?

Back 13

1) Multiple casualty incidents
2) Calls involving infants or children
3) Severe injuries
4) Abuse and neglect
5) Death of a coworker

Front 14

Define "multiple casualty incident (MCI)"

Back 14

An MCI is an emergency involving multiple patients.

Front 15

Define eustress.

Back 15

Eustress is positive stress that drives you to perform.

Front 16

Define distress.

Back 16

Distress is negative stress that can occur when stressors become overwhelming.

Front 17

What lifestyle changes can one make in order to deal with stress?

Back 17

1) Developing more healthful and positive dietary habits.

2) Exercise

3) Devote time to relaxing

Front 18

Define "Critical incident stress management (CISM)."

Back 18

Critical incident stress management is a comprehensive system that includes education and resources to both prevent stress and to deal with stress appropriately when it occurs.

Front 19

What are the stages of reactions to dying?

It's important to remember that not all patients go through every stage, and the degree and length of each may vary.

Back 19

1) Denial or "not me."
2) Anger or "why me?"
3) Bargaining or "OK, but first let me..."
4) Depression or "OK, but I haven't..."
5) Acceptance or "OK, I'm not afraid."

Front 20

What steps can an EMT take in dealing with the patient and their family members when confronted with death or dying?

Back 20

1) Recognize the patient's needs
2) Be tolerant of angry reactions from the patient or family
3) Listen emphatically
4) Do not falsely reassure
5) Offer as much comfort as you realistically can

Front 21

Define "hazardous-material incident."

Back 21

A hazardous-material incident is the release of a harmful substance into the environment.

Front 22

What are the most common causes of EMS provider deaths?

Back 22

Air medical crashes, heart attacks, motor vehicle collisions, violence

Front 23

What's the primary rule during a hazardous-material incident?

Back 23

Maintain a safe distance from the source of the hazardous material.

Front 24

What tools should you have in your ambulance that will help you in a hazardous-material incident?

Back 24

Binoculars and the emergency response guidebook.

Front 25

Define decontamination.

Back 25

Decontamination is the removal or cleansing of dangerous chemicals and other dangerous or infectious materials.

Front 26

What is the first priority when responding to a scene of violence?

Back 26

Priority one is to be certain that the scene is safe. PLAN, OBSERVE, REACT.

Front 27

What are important steps an EMT can take in planning before responding to a dangerous call?

Back 27

1) Wearing safe clothing
2) Preparing equipment so it isn't cumbersome
3) Preparing a portable radio
4) Deciding on safety roles

Front 28

What are important things to observe when responding to a dangerous call?

Back 28

1) Violence
2) Crime scenes
3) Alcohol or drug use
4) Weapons
5) Family members
6) Bystanders
7) Perpetrators
8) Pets

Front 29

How is an EMT expected to react to a dangerous situation?

Back 29

1) Flee
2) Get rid of cumbersome equipment
3) Take cover and conceal yourself

Front 30

Define "pathogens" and what are the two types?

Back 30

organisms that cause infection.
1. bloodborne pathogens- contracted through patient's blood or sometimes other fluids. can be absorbed through mucous membranes.
2. airborne pathogens- absorbed through eyes or inhalation.

Front 31

Define "standard precautions", also known as what? or what?

Back 31

strict form of infection control based on the assumption that all blood and fluids are infectious.

AKA body substance isolation (BSI) or infection control.

Front 32

Under OSHA guidelines, what should employers provide?

Back 32

Develop a written exposure control plan and provide emergency care providers with training, immunizations and PPE.

Front 33

What is PPE?

Back 33

Personal protective equipment, protects workers from infection and/or exposure.

Front 34

List PPE to protect yourself from all possible routes of contamination.

Back 34

1. Protective gloves. Always carry 2 pairs, in case one pair tears or becomes soiled.
2. Hand washing.
3. Eye and face protection.
4. Masks, N95 or HEPA (high efficiency particulate air respirator)
5. Gowns.

Front 35

Hepatitis and modes of transmission.

Back 35

Causes inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis A is acquired through contaminated food or water (from feces).
Hepatitis B, C are acquired through blood, stool and other body fluids.
Especially dangerous b/c can survive for weeks to months outside. Hepatitits B (HBV virus) has a vaccine, but Hepatitis C does not. There is no cure.

Front 36

Tuberculosis (TB) and modes of transmission.

Back 36

Highly contagious, settles in the lungs. Airborne.

Front 37

AIDS and modes of transmission.

Back 37

Virus does not survive well outside the body. Transmitted through blood, but only .5% of accidental exposures result in infection (compared to 30% for HBV).

Front 38

What is the Ryan White CARE act?

Back 38

Establishes procedures by which emergency response workers may find out if they have been exposed to life-threatening infectious diseases.

Front 39

List the major elements of the standard regarding occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens.

Back 39

1. Infection control plan. Identifies jobs and tasks in which there is a possible exposure. Identifies methods used for communicating hazards.
2. Adequate education and training.
3. Hepatitis B vaccination.
4. PPE.
5. Methods of control.
6. Housekeeping
7. Labeling
8. Postexposure evaluation and follow-up

Front 40

What is the Infectious disease exposure procedure under the Ryan White CARE act for airborne infections?

Back 40

1. Transport a patient that is unknowingly infected.
2. Hospital diagnoses patient.
3. Hospital must notify your officer within 48 hours.
4. Officer notifies you that you have been exposed.
5. Employer arranges for you to be evaluated.

Front 41

What is the Infectious disease exposure procedure under the Ryan White CARE act for airborne infections?

Back 41

1. Exposure to blood of a patient.
2. Seek immediate treatment.
3. Ask officer to determine if patient was infected.
4. Officer consults hospital if warranted.
5. Hospital must report back within 48 hours. Officer notifies you of findings.
6. Employer arranges for you to be evaluated if necessary.

Front 42

Define Multiple-casualty incident (MCI)

Back 42

Emergency involving multiple patients