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186 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Define "plane."
A flat surface formed when slicing through an object.
Define "midline."
An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into left and right halves
Define "medial."
Toward the midline of the body
Define "lateral."
To the side, away from the midline of the body
Define "bilateral."
Bilateral means "on both sides."
Define "mid-axillary line"
A line drawn vertically from the middle of the armpit to the ankle.
Define "anterior."
the front of the body or body part. Also "ventral."
Define "posterior."
The back of the body of the body part. Also "dorsal."
Define "superior."
Toward the head
Define "ventral."
The front of the body or body part. Also "anterior."
Define "dorsal."
The back of the body or body part. Also "posterior."
Define "inferior."
Away from the head; lower
Define "proximal."
Closer to the torso or origination.
Define "distal."
Further from the torso or origination.
Define "torso."
The trunk of the body; the body without the head or extremities.
Define "palmar."
Referring to the palm of the hand.
Define "plantar."
Referring to the sole of the foot.
Define "mid-clavicular line."
The line through the center of each clavicle.
Define "abdominal quadrants."
Four divisions of the abdomen used to pinpoint the location of a pain or injury. Right upper (RUQ), left upper (LUQ), right lower (RLQ), and left lower quadrants.
Define "supine."
Lying on the back.
Define "prone."
Lying face down.
What is recovery position?
Lying on the left side -- also called left lateral recumbent position. Right lateral recumbent position is sometimes used as an emergency substitute, but is not technically the recovery position.
What is "Fowler's position?"
Fowler's position is a sitting position that you might put a patient in when transporting. The patient can be leaning back to various degrees, and legs can be straight or bent.
If you were transporting a patient in a seated position, what is the technical term for that position?
Fowler's position.
Define "Trendelenburg position."
A position in which the patient's feet and legs are higher than the head. Also called "shock position."
Define "Musculoskeletal system."
The system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement.
Define "Skeleton."
The bones of the body
Define "muscle."
Tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part.
Define "ligament."
Tissue that connects bone to bone.
Define "tendon."
Tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Define "skull."
The bony structure of the head.
Define "cranium."
The top, back, and sides of the skull.
Define "mandible."
The lower jaw bone.
Define "maxillae."
The two fused bones forming the upper jaw.
Define "nasal bones."
The nose bones.
Define "orbits."
The bony structures around the eyes, i.e. the eye sockets.
Define "zygomatic arches."
Bones that form the structure of the cheeks.
Define "vertebrae."
The 33 bones of the spinal column (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx).
Define "thorax."
The chest.
Define "sternum."
The breastbone.
Define "manubrium."
The superior portion of the sternum.
Define "xiphoid process."
The inferior portion of the sternum.
Define "Pelvis."
The basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities.
Define "ilium."
The superior and widest portion of the pelvis (not to be confused with the ileum, a portion of the small intestine).
Define "ischium."
The lower, posterior portions of the pelvis.
Define "pubis."
The medial anterior portion of the pelvis.
Define "acetabulum."
The pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits into the hip joint.
Define "femur."
The large bone of the thigh -- also the largest bone of the human body.
Define "patella."
The kneecap.
Define "tibia."
The medial and larger bone of the lower leg.
Define "fibula."
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg.
Define "malleolus."
Protrusion on the side of the ankle. The lateral malleolus (fibula) is on the outer ankle, and the medial malleolus (tibia) is seen on the inner ankle.
Define "tarsals."
The ankle bones.
Define "metatarsals."
The foot bones.
Define "calcaneus."
The heel bone.
Define "phalanges."
The toe bones and the finger bones.
Define "clavicle."
The collarbone.
Define "scapula."
The shoulder blade.
Define "voluntary muscle."
Voluntary muscle, or skeletal muscle, is muscle that moves the body under conscious control.
Define "involuntary muscle."
Involuntary muscle, or smooth muscle, is found in the GI tract, lungs, blood vessels, and urinary system, and is NOT under conscious control. It just works.
Define "cardiac muscle."
It's found only in the heart and has its own blood supply from the coronary artery system. It has a property called automaticity.
What is automaticity?
Automaticity is a property of cardiac muscle that allows it to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own.
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
To move oxygen into the bloodstream through inhalation and pick up carbon dioxide to be excreted through exhalations.
Define "oropharynx."
The area directly posterior to the mouth.
Define "nasopharynx."
The area directly posterior to the nose.
Define "pharynx."
The area including both the oropharynx and nasopharynx, directly posterior to the nose and mouth.
Define "acromion process."
The highest portion of the shoulder.
Define "acromioclavicular joint."
The joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet.
Define "humerus."
The bone of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. This is the largest bone of the upper body.
Define "radius."
The lateral bone of the forearm (thumb-side).
Define "ulna."
The medial bone of the forearm (pinky side).
Define "carpals."
The wrist bones.
Define "metacarpals."
The hand bones.
Define "joint."
The point where two bones come together.
Define "epiglottis."
The leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter form entering the trachea.
Define "larynx."
The "voice box," between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage. This is where an incision is made to create an emergency airway.
Define "trachea."
The "windpipe." The structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs.
Define "lungs."
The organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide takes place.
Define "bronchi."
The two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs. There are right and left bronchi. Singular=bronchus.
Define "alveoli."
The microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place.
Define "diaphragm."
The muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. A major muscle of respiration.
Define "inhalation."
An active process in which the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs.
Define "exhalation."
A passive process in which the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in the size and air to flow out of the lungs.
Define "cardiovascular system."
The system made up of the heart and blood vessels. AKA the circulatory system.
Define "atria."
The two upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives unoxygenated blood from the body and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Define "ventricles."
The two lower chambers of the heart. The right ventricle sends oxygen-poor blood to the heart via the pulmonary veins, and the left ventricle (the strong one) sends oxygenated blood to the body.
Define "venae cavae."
These are the two major veins that return blood to the right atrium. Singular=vena cava.
What kind of valve lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
Where in the heart will you find a tricuspid valve?
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
What kind of valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
Bicuspid valve.
Where in the heart will you find a bicuspid valve?
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Define "valve."
A structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of fluid in only one direction.
Define "cardiac conduction system."
A system of specialized muscle tissues which conduct electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat.
What part of the heart is the "pacemaker" that regulates heartbeat?
The sinoatrial node -- part of the cardiac conduction system.
What "node" lies in the right atrium near the right ventricle that coordinates heartbeats?
The atrioventricular node.
Define "artery."
Any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
Define "Coronary arteries."
Blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart, known as myocardium.
Define "aorta."
The largest artery in the body. It transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation.
Define "pulmonary arteries."
The vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
Define "carotid arteries."
The large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head.
Define "femoral artery."
The major artery supplying blood to the leg.
Define "brachial artery."
The artery of the upper arm -- the site of pulse checked during infant CPR.
Define "radial artery."
The artery of the lower arm. It is felt when taking the pulse at the wrist.
Define "posterior tibial artery."
Artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle.
Define "dorsal pedis artery."
Artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe.
Define "arteriole."
The smallest kind of artery.
Define "capillary."
A thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body's cells takes place.
Define "venule."
The smallest kind of vein."
Define "vein."
Any blood vessel returning blood to the heart.
Define "pulmonary veins."
The vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Why is knowledge of anatomy necessary?
1) Accurate patient assessment
2) Locating body organs/systems
3) Quality patient care
Why is it a good idea to put a patient in shock into Trendelenburg's position?
To move blood towards the head and vital organs.
What are the three purposes of the musculoskeletal system?
1) Give shape to the body
2) Protect vital organs
3) Move the body
What bone/bones make up the top, back, and sides of the head?
Cranium
What bone/bones give shape to the cheek?
Zygomatic arch/Zygomatic bone
What bone/bones house the eyeballs?
Orbit
What do you call the three layers inside the skull that protect the brain? They include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
Meninges
What portion of the brain lies directly behind the eyes?
Frontal lobe
What gland lies behind the nose and helps regulate growth, sex functions, and water balance in the body?
Pituitary gland
What's another word for "nasal sinus?"
Sphenoidal sinus
What's the pons?
It's a structure located on the brain stem, situated between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain.
What's the occipital lobe?
It's the dorsal part of the brain that contains the visual cortex.
What is the posterior portion of the brain that is responsible for processing signals from the eyes and giving us vision?
The occipital lobe.
What's the cerebellum?
The cerebellum, seated just posterior to the pons, is responsible for motor control and probably some emotional and cognitive functions.
What part of the brain is just posterior to the pons, and is largely responsible for motor functions?
Cerebellum.
What's the dura mater?
The dura mater is the outermost of the meninges protecting the brain.
How many vertebrae make up the spinal column?
33
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccyx
What two parts of the spinal column are made of fused vertebrae to form the back of the pelvic girdle?
The sacrum and the coccyx
What are the four major types of bones?
Irregular, short, flat, long
What do you call the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet?
The acromioclavicular joint.
How many lobes are in the left lung?
Two
How many lobes are in the right lung?
3
Which lung is bigger than the other?
The right lung is larger, it has three lobes.
What is the term for the point at which the trachea splits into the left and right bronchi?
Carina
What's the carina?
It's the point at which the trachea splits to form the left and right bronchi.
What are considered "adequate breathing rates" for adults, children, and infants?
Adult: 12-29 breaths per minute
Child: 15-30 breaths per minute
Infant: 25-50 breaths per minute
What are some ways to identify inadequate breathing?
Effort, agonal breathing (characterized by pauses punctuated by wheezes -- seen right before death), increased use of accessory muscles, pursed lips, coughing, barking, chest tightness, impaired mentation, numbness, unconsciousness, combativeness
What major anatomical differences must one consider when dealing with the airway of a child?
The trachea is much more narrow, the tongue is much larger in comparison, and the cricoid cartilage is undeveloped and soft.
What are some symptoms of a child with inadequate breathing?
Seesawing, nasal flaring, diaphragm contracting heavily
In what order does blood move through the chambers of the heart?
1) Right atrium
2) Right ventricle
3) Left atrium
4) Left ventricle
Which blood vessels have valves to prevent backflow: veins or arteries?
Veins
What do red blood cells do?
1) Give blood its red color
2) Carry oxygen to organs
3) Carry carbon dioxide away from organs
What do white blood cells do?
Provide defense and produce antibodies.
At which sites might one take a pulse?
Carotid artery (unconscious patients), femoral artery, radial artery (conscious patients), brachial artery (children), posterior tibial artery (to make sure there's circulation to the leg), dorsalis pedis artery.
What's systolic blood pressure?
The pressure exerted when the left ventricle contracts.
What's diastolic blood pressure?
The pressure exerted when the left ventricle is relaxed -- passive blood pressure.
What's perfusion?
The delivery of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste from cells and tissues by flowing blood.
What happens during hypoperfusion?
Oxygen debt, waste buildup, possible cell death.
What are symptoms of hypoperfusion?
Cool, pale, clammy, cyanotic skin, weak and rapid pulse, rapid and shallow breathing, nausea, vomitting, anxiety and restlessness
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What's the CNS?
It's the central nervous system -- the brain and spinal cord. It processes information.
What's the PNS?
The peripheral nervous system. This includes the autonomic nervous system. It is made up of sensory nerves and motor nerves.
What are sensory nerves?
Nerves that carry signal from nerve endings and receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
What are motor nerves?
Nerves that carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the body.
What organs will you find in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
liver, kidney
What organs will you find in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?
liver, kidney, stomach, spleen
What organs will you find in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?
Kidney
What organs will you find in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?
Kidney, appendix.
What are the main roles of the skin?
To protect the body from the environment and organisms, to regulate body temperature, and to sense changes
What are the layers of the external sheath of the body?
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, muscle fibers
What's the endocrine system?
The system that produces and secretes hormones to regulate the body.
What two hormones are very important in the eyes of the EMT?
Insulin and epinephrine
What important function of the hypothalamus must the EMT know about?
Temperature regulation.
At what age does the hypothalamus mature?
4-5 years of age.
What is the role of the pineal gland?
The pineal gland creates melatonin and regulates sleep/wake functions and seasonal functions.
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus is thought to play a role in body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian cycles.
What is the role of the thyroid?
The thyroid controls how quickly the body uses energy and protein, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.
What is the role of the pancreas?
It acts as an endocrine gland, producing insulin and other hormones, and also as an exocrine gland producing digestive enzymes. It's very important in carbohydrate processing and creation of glycogen.
What is the role of the adrenal glands?
The adrenal glands, sitting on top of the kidneys, produce cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) among other hormones.
Define "plasma."
The fluid portion of the blood
Define "platelets."
Components of the blood that are integral to clotting.
Define "pulse."
The rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries.
Define "peripheral pulses."
The radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses.
Define "central" pulses.
The carotid and femoral pulses.
Why is it important to take a carotid pulse before beginning CPR?
Because beginning chest compressions while the heart is beating -- however weakly -- can be harmful. The pulse is strongest at the carotid artery.
Define "circulation."
Movement of blood through the body.
Define "autonomic nervous system."
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor function.
Define "shock."
The same as hypoperfusion -- inadequate perfusion of the cells and tissues of the body caused by insufficient flow of blood through capillaries.
Define "digestive system."
System by which food travels through the body and is digested, or broken down into absorbable forms.
Define "stomach."
The muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins.
Define "small intestine."
The muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine that absorbs nutrients through its walls. It includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Define "large intestine."
The muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and removes anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body.
Define "liver."
The largest internal organ of the body, produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body.
Define "gallbladder."
A sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver.
Define "spleen."
An organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of the blood.
Define "appendix."
A small tube located near the junction of the large and small intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Common source of abdominal pain.