Emt-B Chapter 4

Front 1

abdomen

Back 1

the body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion & excretion. it is located below the diaphragm & above the pelvis

Front 2

abduction

Back 2

motion of a limb away from the midline

Front 3

acetabulum

Back 3

the depression on the lateral pelvis where its 3 component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly

Front 4

Adam's apple

Back 4

the firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. it is more prominent in men than in women

Front 5

adduction

Back 5

motion of a limb toward the midline

Front 6

agonal respirations

Back 6

slow, gasping respiration, sometimes seen in dying PTs

Front 7

alveoli

Back 7

the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide takes place

Front 8

anatomic position

Back 8

the position of reference in which the PT stands facing you, arms @ the side, w/ the pals of the hands forward

Front 9

angle of Louis

Back 9

a ridge of the sternum that lies @ the level where the 2nd rib is attached to the sternum; provides a constant & reliable bony landmark on the anterior chest wall

Front 10

anterior

Back 10

the front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position

Front 11

anterior superior iliac spines

Back 11

the bony prominences of the pelvis (ilium) @ the front of each side of the lower abdomen just below the plane of the umbilicus

Front 12

aorta

Back 12

the principle artery leaving the left side of the heart <3 & carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

Front 13

apex (apices)

Back 13

the pointed extremity of a conical structure

Front 14

appendix

Back 14

a small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the LRQ of the abdomen

Front 15

arteriole

Back 15

the smallest branch of an artery leading to the vast network of capillaries

Front 16

atrium

Back 16

upper chamber of the heart <3

Front 17

autonomic nervous system

Back 17

the part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion & sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily

Front 18

ball-and-socket joint

Back 18

a joint that allows internal & external rotation as well as bending

Front 19

biceps

Back 19

that large muscle that covers the front of the humerous

Front 20

bilateral

Back 20

a body part that appears on both sides of the midline

Front 21

bile ducts

Back 21

ducts that convey bile b/w the liver and the intestine

Front 22

blood pressure (BP)

Back 22

the pressure that blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes though them

Front 23

brachial artery

Back 23

the major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm

Front 24

brain

Back 24

the controlling organ of the body & center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of rxns to the environment, emotional responses & judgment

Front 25

brain stem

Back 25

the area of the brain b/w the spinal cord & cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respirations

Front 26

capillary vessels

Back 26

the fine end-divisions of the arterial system that allow contact b/w cells of the body tissues & the plasma & RBC

Front 27

carotid artery

Back 27

the major artery that supplies blood to the head & brain

Front 28

carpometacarpal joint

Back 28

the joint b/w the wrist & the metacarpal bones; the thumb joint

Front 29

cecum

Back 29

the 1st part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

Front 30

Central Nervous System
CNS

Back 30

the brain & spinal cord

Front 31

cerebellum

Back 31

1 of the 3 major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "little brain:; coordinated the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements

Front 32

cerebrum

Back 32

the largest part of the 3 subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "gray matter"; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions & personality

Front 33

cervical spine

Back 33

the portion of the spinal column consisting of the first 7 vertebrae that lie in the neck

Front 34

circulatory system

Back 34

the complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, & veins, that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide & cellular waste throughout the body

Front 35

clavicle

Back 35

the collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum & medial to the scapula

Front 36

coccyx

Back 36

the last 3 or 4 vertebrae of the spine;the tailbone

Front 37

connecting nerves

Back 37

nerves that connect the sensory & motor nerves in the spinal cord

Front 38

costal arch

Back 38

a bridge of cartilage that connects the ends of the 6th through 10th ribs w/ the lower portion of the sternum

Front 39

costovertebral angle

Back 39

an angle that is formed by the junction of the spine & tenth rib

Front 40

cranium

Back 40

the area of the head above the ears & eyes; the skull. the cranium contains the brain

Front 41

cricoid cartilage

Back 41

a firm ridge of cartilage that make up the larynx

Front 42

cricothyroid membrane

Back 42

a thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid & cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

Front 43

deep

Back 43

further inside the body & away from the skin

Front 44

dermis

Back 44

the inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings & blood vessels

Front 45

diaphragm

Back 45

a muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. contraction of the diaphragm (& the chest wall muscles) brings air to the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

Front 46

diastole

Back 46

the relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart <3, esp. of the ventricles

Front 47

digestion

Back 47

the processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

Front 48

distal

Back 48

structures that are farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity

Front 49

dorsal

Back 49

the posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand

Front 50

dorsalis pedis artery

Back 50

the artery on the anterior surface of the foot b/w the 1st & 2nd metatarsals

Front 51

endocrine system

Back 51

the complex message & control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

Front 52

enzymes

Back 52

protein catalysts designed to sped up the rate of specific biochemical rxns

Front 53

epidermis

Back 53

the outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body

Front 54

epiglottis

Back 54

a thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food or liquid from entering

Front 55

esophagus

Back 55

a collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food & liquids through it to the stomach

Front 56

extend

Back 56

to straighten

Front 57

extension

Back 57

the straightening of a joint

Front 58

fallopian tube

Back 58

long, slender tube that extends from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side, & through which the ovum passes from ovary to uterus

Front 59

fascia

Back 59

a sheet or band of tough fibrous connective tissue; lies deep under the skin & forms an outer layer for the muscles

Front 60

femoral artery

Back 60

the principle artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external, iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia & legs. It can be palpated in the groin area

Front 61

femoral head

Back 61

the proximal end of the femur, articulating w/ the acetabulum to form the hip joint

Front 62

femur

Back 62

the thighbone; the longest & one of the strongest bones in the body

Front 63

flex

Back 63

to bend

Front 64

flexion

Back 64

the bending of a joint

Front 65

floating ribs

Back 65

the 11th & 12th ribs which do not attach to the sternum through the costal arch

Front 66

foramen magnum

Back 66

a large opening @ the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord

Front 67

Fowler's position

Back 67

the position in which the PT is sitting up w/ the knees bent

Front 68

gallbladder

Back 68

a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver & discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct

Front 69

genital system

Back 69

the male & female reproductive systems

Front 70

greater trochanter

Back 70

a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

Front 71

hair follicles

Back 71

the small organs in the skin that produce hair

Front 72

heart
<3

Back 72

a hollow muscular organ that receives blood from the veins & propels it into the arteries

Front 73

heart rate <3
pulse

Back 73

the wave of pressure that is created by the heart's contracting & forcing blood out the left ventricle & into the major arteries

Front 74

hinge joints

Back 74

joints that can bend & straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to 1 plane

Front 75

humerus

Back 75

the supporting bone

Front 76

hypoxic drive

Back 76

a "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood

Front 77

iliac crest

Back 77

the rim, or wing, of the pelvic bone

Front 78

ilium

Back 78

1 of 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

Front 79

inferior

Back 79

the part of the body, or any body part, nearer to the feet

Front 80

inferior vena cava

Back 80

1 of the 2 largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities & the pelvic & the abdominal organs into the heart <3

Front 81

inguinal ligament

Back 81

the tough, fibrous ligament that stretches b/w the lateral edge of the pubic symphysis & the anterior superior iliac spine

Front 82

involuntary muscle

Back 82

muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body

Front 83

ischium

Back 83

1 of 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

Front 84

joint
(articulation)

Back 84

the place where 2 bones come into contact

Front 85

joint capsule

Back 85

the fibrous sac that encloses a joint

Front 86

kidneys

Back 86

2 retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine & regulate the body's salt & water content

Front 87

large intestine

Back 87

the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, & the rectum. It helps regulate water & eliminate solid waste

Front 88

lateral

Back 88

Parts of the body that lie farther from the midline. Also called outer structures

Front 89

ligament

Back 89

a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports & strengthens a joint

Front 90

liver

Back 90

a large solid organ that lies in the RUQ immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores sugar for immediate use by the body, & produces many substances that help regulate immune responses

Front 91

lumbar spine

Back 91

the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest 5 nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine

Front 92

lumbar vertebrae

Back 92

vertebrae of the lumbar spine

Front 93

mandible

Back 93

the bone of the lower jaw

Front 94

manubrium

Back 94

the upper quarter of the sternum

Front 95

mastoid process

Back 95

a prominent bony mass @ the base of the skill behind the ear

Front 96

maxillae

Back 96

the upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity & the palate & lodge the upper teeth

Front 97

medial

Back 97

parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures

Front 98

metabolism

Back 98

the sum of all the physical & chemical processes of living organisms; the process by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism

Front 99

midaxillary line

Back 99

an imaginary vertical line drawn through the middle of the axilla(armpit), // to the midline

Front 100

midclavicular line

Back 100

an imaginary vertical line drawn through the middle portion of the clavicle & // to the midline

Front 101

midline

Back 101

an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose & the umbilius (naval) to the floor

Front 102

motor nerves

Back 102

nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

Front 103

mucous membranes

Back 103

the lining of body cavities & passages that communicate directly or indirectly w/ the environment outside the body

Front 104

mucus

Back 104

the opaque , sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings

Front 105

musculoskeletal system

Back 105

the bones & voluntary muscles of the body

Front 106

myocardium

Back 106

the heart muscle
<3

Front 107

nasopharynx

Back 107

the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or soft palate

Front 108

nervous system

Back 108

the system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary & involuntary

Front 109

occiput

Back 109

the most posterior portion of the cranium

Front 110

orbit

Back 110

the eye socket, made up of the maxilla & zygoma

Front 111

oropharynx

Back 111

a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus & trachea

Front 112

ovary

Back 112

a female gland that produces sex hormones & ova (eggs)

Front 113

palmar

Back 113

the front region of the hand

Front 114

pancreas

Back 114

a flat, solid organ that lies below the liver & the stomach; its major source of digestive enzymes & produces the hormone insulin

Front 115

parietal regions

Back 115

the areas b/w the temporal & occiput regions of the cranium

Front 116

patella

Back 116

the kneecap; a specialized bone that lies w/n the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

Front 117

perfusion

Back 117

the circulation of oxygenated blood w/n an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cell's current needs

Front 118

peripheral nervous system

Back 118

the part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves & 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These peripheral nerves may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves

Front 119

peristalsis

Back 119

the wave-like contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

Front 120

pinna

Back 120

the external, visible part of the ear

Front 121

plantar

Back 121

the bottom of the foot

Front 122

plasma

Back 122

a sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells& nutrients & transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion

Front 123

platelets

Back 123

tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells;they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

Front 124

pleura

Back 124

the serous membrane covering the lungs & lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known a the pleural space

Front 125

pleural space

Back 125

the potential space b/w the parietal pleura & the visceral pleura. It is described as "potential" b/c under normal conditions,the lungs fill this space

Front 126

posterior

Back 126

the back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position

Front 127

posterior tibial artery

Back 127

the artery just posterior to the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot

Front 128

priapism

Back 128

a continuous & painful erection of the penis caused by certain spinal injuries & some diseases

Front 129

prone position

Back 129

the position in which the body is lying face down

Front 130

prostate gland

Back 130

a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid

Front 131

proximal

Back 131

structures that are closer to the trunk

Front 132

pubic symphysis

Back 132

a hard bony prominence that is found in the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen

Front 133

pubis

Back 133

1 of 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

Front 134

pulmonary artery

Back 134

the major artery leading from the RT ventricle of the heart <3 to the lungs; it carries oxygen-poor blood

Front 135

pulmonary veins

Back 135

the 4 veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart <3

Front 136

pulse

Back 136

the wave of pressure created as the heart <3 contracts & forces blood out the left ventricle & into the major arteries

Front 137

quadrants

Back 137

the way to describe the sections of the abdominal cavity. Imagine 2 lines intersecting @ the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into 4 = areas

Front 138

radial artery

Back 138

the major artery in the forearm; it is palpable @ the wrist on the thumb side

Front 139

radius

Back 139

the bone on the thumb side of the forearm

Front 140

rectum

Back 140

the lowermost end of the colon

Front 141

Red Blood Cells
RBC

Back 141

Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes

Front 142

renal pelvis

Back 142

A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter & the kidney

Front 143

respiratory system

Back 143

all the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper & lower airways & their component parts

Front 144

retroperitoneal

Back 144

behind the abdominal cavity

Front 145

sacrum

Back 145

1 of 3 bones (sacrum & 2 pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae

Front 146

salivary glands

Back 146

the glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth & pharynx moist

Front 147

scalp

Back 147

the thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hairs

Front 148

scapula

Back 148

the shoulder blade

Front 149

sebaceous glands

Back 149

glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs

Front 150

semen

Back 150

seminal fluid ejaculated from the penis & containing sperm

Front 151

seminal vesicles

Back 151

storage sacs for sperm & seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra @ the prostate

Front 152

sensory nerves

Back 152

the nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain or other modalities from the body to the central nervous system

Front 153

shock position

Back 153

the position that has the head & torso (trunk) supine & the lower extremities elevated 6"-12". This helps to increase blood flow to the brain; also referred to as the modified Trendelenburg's position

Front 154

shoulder girdle

Back 154

the proximal portion of the upper extremity, made up of the clavicle, the scapula & the humerus

Front 155

skeletal muscle

Back 155

muscle that is attached to bones & usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle

Front 156

skeleton

Back 156

the framework that give us our recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body & protection of vital organs

Front 157

small intestine

Back 157

the portion of the digestive tube b/w the stomach & the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum & ileum

Front 158

smooth muscle

Back 158

nonstriated, involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract & is presently in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity

Front 159

somatic nervous system

Back 159

the part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

Front 160

spinal cord

Back 160

an extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages b/w the brain & the rest of the body. It lies inside of, & is protected by, the spinal canal

Front 161

sternocleidomastoid muscles

Back 161

the muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head

Front 162

sternum

Back 162

the breastbone

Front 163

striated muscle

Back 163

muscle that has characteristic stripes, or striations, under the microscope; voluntary, or skeletal, muscle

Front 164

subcutaneous tissue

Back 164

tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis & serves as an insulator of the body

Front 165

superficial

Back 165

closer to or on the skin

Front 166

superior

Back 166

the part of the body, or any part, nearer to the head

Front 167

superior vena cava

Back 167

1 of the 2 largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities head, neck, & chest into the heart <3

Front 168

supine position

Back 168

the position in which the body is lying face up

Front 169

sweat glands

Back 169

the glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin

Front 170

systole

Back 170

the contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart <3, esp. that of the ventricles

Front 171

temporal regions

Back 171

the lateral portions on each side of the cranium

Front 172

temporomandibular joint

Back 172

the joint where the mandible meets w/ the temporal bone of the cranium just in front of each ear

Front 173

testicle

Back 173

a male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones & sperm

Front 174

thoracic cage

Back 174

the chest or rib cage

Front 175

thoracic spine

Back 175

the 12 vertebrae that lie b/w the cervical vertebrae & the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae

Front 176

thorax

Back 176

the chest cavity that contains the heart <3, lungs, esophagus & great vessels (the aorta & the 2 venae cavae)

Front 177

thyroid cartilage

Back 177

a firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple

Front 178

tibia

Back 178

the shinbone, the larger of the 2 bones of the lower leg

Front 179

topographic anatomy

Back 179

the superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

Front 180

torso

Back 180

the trunk w/o the head & limbs

Front 181

trachea

Back 181

the windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs

Front 182

Trendelenburg's position

Back 182

the position in which the body is supine w/ the head lower than the feet

Front 183

triceps

Back 183

the muscle in the back of the upper arm

Front 184

ulna

Back 184

the inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb

Front 185

ulnar artery

Back 185

one of the major arteries of the forearm, it can be palpated @ the wrist on the ulnar side (@ the base of the 5th finger).

Front 186

ureter

Back 186

A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body

Front 187

urinary bladder

Back 187

a sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects & stores urine

Front 188

urinary system

Back 188

the organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood & excreted as urine

Front 189

vagina

Back 189

a muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus w/ the vuvla(the external female genitalia); also called the birth canal

Front 190

vasa deferentia

Back 190

the spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens

Front 191

ventral

Back 191

the anterior surface of the body

Front 192

ventricle

Back 192

lower chamber of the heart <3

Front 193

vertebrae

Back 193

the 33 bones that make up the spinal column

Front 194

voluntary muscle

Back 194

muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain & can be contacted or relaxed @ will; skeletal, or striated, muscle

Front 195

White Blood Cells
WBC

Back 195

Blood cells that play a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes

Front 196

xiphoid process

Back 196

the narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

Front 197

zygomas

Back 197

the quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating w/ the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, & the great wings of the sphenoid bone