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25 Cards in this Set

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What is the EBM process?

 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


The evidence-based management (EBM) process















(1) Collect evidence: Conduct studies







-- Hinweise sammeln (Studien durchführen)







(2) Aggregate evidence: Meta-Analysis







-- Hinweise verbinden (Analyse von Analyseergebnissen mehrerer Einzelstudien)







(3) Translate: develop guidelines, principles for action







-- Übersetzung (Richtlinien entwickeln)







(4) Show efficacy: Evaluate guidelines







-- Wirksamkeit aufzeigen (Richtlinien bewerten)


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 

Which specific steps have to be taken in the following stages of the evidence-based management process?















(1) Collect evidence







(2) Aggregate evidence







(3) Translate







(4) Show efficacy

(1) Conduct studies



(2) Meta-Analysis



(3) Develop guidelines, principles for action



(4) Evaluate guidelines

What is meta-analysis?





(Meta-analysis is the action to realize "aggregating evidence" after collecting evidence by conducting studies)

In statistics, a meta-analysis refers to methods that focus on contrasting and combining results from different studies, in the hope of identifying patterns among study results, sources of disagreement among those results, or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies.

What is a construct?

A construct is not directly observable



-> e.g. an illness is not directly observable, the symptoms are



-> key constructs: intelligence, motivation, performance

What is a proposition?

A proposition (Behauptung) is one causal statement that links two constructs

What is a theory?

A theory is a set of statements that come together







-> an aggregate of propositions (Behauptungen)















A theory should explain the past and predict the future.

Through what can a theory be tested?

A theory becomes testable through hypothesis



-> a hypothesis is ONE testable statement derived from the theory linking to measurable variables















-> e.g. if intelligence is said to impact exam performance, we can test that by measuring whether IQ impacts grades

What is a hypothesis?

A theory becomes testable through hypothesis



-> a hypothesis is ONE testable statement derived from the theory linking to measurable variables

Theory is generated through the scientific process. The process relies on ...?

Theory is generated through the scientific process. The process relies on empiricism?


Things need to be observable. Only what is empirically observable can become the basis of theory.

Observable data need to be collected objectively. However, objectivity is impossible. By what does it have to be replaced?

Objectivity has to be replaced by replicable/reproducible and testable intersubjectively


--> research methods have to be fully disclosed and described


[Intersubjektivität geht davon aus, dass ein (komplexerer) Sachverhalt für mehrere Betrachter gleichermaßen erkennbar und nachvollziehbar ist.]

Why do research methods have to be fully disclosed and described?

Objectivity in collecting data is impossible


-> anyway data needs to be replicable/reproducible and testable intersubjectively

[Intersubjektivität (von lat. inter: zwischen und Subjekt: Person, Akteur usw.) geht davon aus, dass ein (komplexerer) Sachverhalt für mehrere Betrachter gleichermaßen erkennbar und nachvollziehbar ist.]

Having theory allows for abstraction. What is abstraction?

Abstraction: problem as specific representation of general class

Having theory allows for generalization. What is generalization?

Generalization: reducing complexity to enable decision making

Having theory allows for intervention. What is intervention?

Intervention: change things (but: objective vs. subjective views!)

Having theory allows for (causal) learning. What is (causal) learning?

(Causal) learning: theory worked or did not work (--> find out why!)

Having theory allows for power. What is power in this context?

Power: predicting eclipses in the Middle Ages, leadership, motivation, ...

Theory/evidence is generated from data, in a process emphasizing the three core principles ...

Theory/evidence is generated from data, in a process emphasizing the three points



- empiricism (things need to be observable)



- objectivity (data reproducible, testable intersubjectively)



- control (collect data without bias)

The three core principles of empirical research are



(a) objectivity, empiricism, and control



(b) falsifiability, accuracy, and parsimony



(c) explanation, meaning, and prediction



(d) none of the above

(a)

A causal statement that links two constructs is a



(a) Theory



(b) Proposition



(c) Hypothesis



(d) Model

(b)

Good theory is a set of corroborated causal conjectures. What does 'corroborated' mean?

corroborated = bekräftigt















-> it does not mean 'correct' but more 'possibly approximately true'

Good theory is a set of corroborated causal conjectures. What does 'corroborated' mean?

corroborated = bekräftigt















-> it does not mean 'correct' but more 'possibly approximately true'

Describe the attitude of Sir Karl Popper towards 'theory'.

Popper: we can never now that sth is true







-> only because the sun rose up yesterday it does not have to rise up tomorrow







-->> falsifiability: every good theory must potentially be wrong







-> good theory - good predictions







-->> if these predictions are not found to be false, the theory is corroborated.















Example:







Newton's theory was good until Einstein falsified it and did a better theory on gravity. At the moment it's the best theory available bit it does not mean that it can't/won't be falsified.

Name three aspects that make theory good.

- Falsifiability







- Accuracy (good predictions)







- Parismony (Sparsamkeit, if two theories explain/predict equally well, which theory needs to make fewer assumptions) -> occam's razor

What does the Bacharach article say about "good theory"?

Good theory has



- utility



- falsifiability

Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?

Empirical-evidence of hygiene 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


In 1847 Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that disinfection of the hands significantly reduced the incidence of puerperal fever (Kindbettfieber) in clinics. Puerperal fever was the single most common cause of maternal mortality in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, the scientific consensus did not accept Semmelweis’ empirical evidence but dismissed his findings, often with contempt. He did not accord with the established opinion of the day and was considered by some to have no scientific basis for his claims. Others were insulted by the idea that their hands were being described as “dirty”. It was also pointed out that Semmelweis was saying nothing new.