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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emotional Disorder
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Periods of extreme emotion that reach levels at which the person can no longer do ordinary things
Emotions become more difficult to understand than normal |
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Depression or Seasonal Affective Disorder
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Intense Sadness
A major depressive episode is diagnosed when: - for at least two weeks the sufferer is unbearably sad or depressed, -has anhedonia -along with at least 4 other symptoms that include: insomnia, feeling slowed down, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, thoughts or plans of suicide. -minor depression can be classified as having two to four symptoms in all |
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Anxiety Disorders
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Come in several forms
Involve overwhelming fears together with more protracted moods of disabling anxiety avoidance of what is feared loss of personal confidence can take several forms, including panic attacks, phobias, obsessions and compulsions, and PTSD When someone has a nervous breakdown, they usually suffer a major depressive episode with or without an accompanying anxiety disorder. |
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Prevalence and Occurence of Emotional Disorders
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Depression and Anxiety states are nearly 2x as common in women than in men
Depression is single most important chronic condition in the middle years of life Boys more likely than girls to show externalizing disorder Girls more likely to show internalizing disorders |
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Bi-polar disorder or Manic-Depressive Disorder
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Depression has been preceded of followed by at least one period of mania
A few weeks after mania, there comes a plunge into depression. 1 percent prevalence and no gender difference, heritability is 80 percent, higher than for major depressive disorders. |
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Mania
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Disorder of excessive happiness, exhilaration, and pride
self esteem is inflated, grandiose Can work for long periods, need no sleep, take unbounded pleasure in everything they do, participate in risky behavior Only rarely is mood sustained. |
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Panic Attacks
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Form of Anxiety Disorder
includes unexpected panic attacks with sudden terror or dread, often with bodily symptoms such as racing heart, dizziness, and shortness of breath |
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Phobias
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Form of anxiety disorder
Almost irresistible urges to avoid certain places, things, or activities. ex: Agora (market) phobia: Fear and avoidance of being away from home. Social phobia |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Defined in terms of at least six months of disabling and persistent anxiety or worry, and this condition has a lifetime prevalence of 5.1 percent.
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Obsessions and Compulsions
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Obsessions are intrusive anxious thoughts such as those of being contaminated by germs.
Compulsions are repeated actions or rituals such as washing one's hands many times a day, that temporarily diminish anxiety but only temporarily. lifetime prevalence: 2 and 3 percent |
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Anxiety based
involved intense anxiety, disturbed sleep, flashbacks in which a traumatic event is remembered and repeatedly re-experienced, together with avoidance of anything that might remind one of it. Traumas in war can cause this (Vietnam) repercussions include increased anti-social behavior, disturbed sleep, flashbacks, avoidance of reminders of trauma. |
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DSM Origins
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1st was written by Kraeplin in 1899
2 important class: manic depressive psychosis, and dementia praecox (dementia that occurs early in life) which later became known as schizophrenia. |
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Stress Diathesis Hypothesis
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A disorder is most typically caused by stress, an adversity in the immediate environment, in the presence of one or more predisposing factors, called diathesis, which are inherent in the person's life.
ex stress: marital separation ex diathesis: genetic factors, early life experiences |
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Stress Causes of Depression and Anxiety disorders
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Severe events that threaten fundamental life roles and cannot be dealt with readily. Negative emotions become disabling.
Loss of a valued social role Humiliation, such as infidelity or rape. Both the above show that depression or anxiety may be linked to assertion in pursuit of social status. Entrapment, in which a person is stuck in an adverse situation with no way out Danger, in the likelihood of future loss or of an event that may occur |
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5HTT transporter gener
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acts to promote serotonin. two forms: 1 short and 1 long.
Long- more efficient at promoting serotonin. People could have two shorts (s/s), (s/l), or (l/l). ss and sl were more likely to experience depression after an adverse event than those with ll. |
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Kindling Hypothesis
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A previous episode of depression makes a person more vulnerable to further episodes.
Hypothesis states that brain becomes more sensitized by each episode of depression. Activation is more likely with progressively less stressful events. |
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Excess of emotion
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Phobias
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Deficits of emotions
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Narcissism
Anti-social (lack of empathy) |
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Social emotion problems
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autism
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Regulation problems
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borderline
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Dysthymia
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low-level persistent depression
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cyclothymia
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low-level persistent bipolar disorder
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Flooding
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Phobia treatment: Sudden overwhelming exposure to source of phobia
Idea: That people will see that nothing bad happens Problem: can retraumatize people |
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Systematic Desensitization
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Phobia treatment
Gradual exposure in safe environment Developed by Joseph Wolpe (1958) -mental visualization with therapist -virtual reality exposure to stimulus -actual, safe exposure to stimulus |
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Panic Disorder
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Anxiety Disorder
frequent, usually unexplained panic attacks. |
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Eating Disorders
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Anxiety (nervosa)
Bulimia and Anorexia anxiety over body image |
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Personality Disorders
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An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Excessive focus on one's own power, status, and vanity
Lacks empathy for others Personality disorder |
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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Excessive emotionality, attention seeking, need for approval, inappropriate seductiveness
excessively rapid shifts in expressions of emotion |
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Persistent unstable and volatile emotions about themselves and others
leads to impulsive actions and chaotic relationships difficulty regulating anger all good or all bad emotional reactions to things ex: Glen Close, Fatal Attraction. divide up people, turn them against each other. |
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Alexithymia
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Disruption in emotional communication
difficulty in understanding, processing, or verbalizing emotions Measures with two subscales that assess difficulty identifying emotion and difficulty describing emotion Dimensional: everyone falls somewhere on the dimension, not a clinical disorder People high in this are more likely to develop a clinical mental disorder, and less likely to benefit from interventions. |
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Schizophrenia
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Emotion Expression
Difficulty determining real vs unreal and thinking logically. ex: word salad, putting together unrelated words in syntax Show distinct patterns of emotion, have similar experience but show little or no expression May be detectable based on early emotional expressivity -Future schizophrenics showed more negative emotional expressions in old home videos. |
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Psychopathy
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Emotional expression
An abnormal lack of empathy combined with strongly amoral conduct but masked by an ability to appear outwardly normal. distinct from personality disorders, characterized by understanding but not feeling emotions normally. Study: Psychopaths showed less startle response to negative pictures but had similar reports of feelings to pictures |
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Moderation of effects
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Variations in individuals can moderate statistical interactions
Association of an IV with a DV depends on level of individual difference ex of individual variations: Personality/Disposition/Traits Biological Differences Momentary life circumstances Demographics |
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PANAS
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Positive and Negative Affectice Schedule
Phrased in a dispositional way "How often do you usually feel each of these sensations" ex: can measure trait anger, persistent feelings of anger, but this is often conflated with hostility |
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Temperament
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A set of hypothetical constructs describing individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
Closely associated with emotional individual differences (he lost his temper) Captures predisposition to respond/react to events in a certain way (he always loses his temper) Reflects ability to regulate emotional responses (No matter what, he never seems to lose his temper) |
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Genetic sources of temperament
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-Negative or positive affect dispositions, as shown by twin studies
-Shyness- differential physiological responses to social interaction. Persistent tendency to respond with emotional distress -Extent of experienced distress: Serotonin transporter gene -Sensation-seeking: Dopamine transporter gene |
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Neural sources of temperament
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Baseline prefrontal cortex activiation asymmetry
-very early differences in default symmetry -persistent tendency to feel approach or avoidance emotions Social Anxiety -described as extreme physiological symptoms: Heart Rate, rushing blood, sweating, feeling warm -No discernable difference in actual phys response -cognitive/neural interception differences: how they interpret phys reactions Structural and functional variation in amygdala -Stress-induced changes early in life -institutionalized children can show reduced amygdala size -amygdala size assocaiated with later social relationship qualities (smaller is worse) |
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Behavioral sources of temperament
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Life situations and upbringing
-Parent's emotional explanations (enhance empathy) -Modeling of parent behavior/emotion Grief induced depressions -Life events can trigger changes in temperament Situational factors -zero tolerance policies: increase motivation to regulate emotion Biological: self regulation depletes glucose, effects ability to regulate later |
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Sources of Temperament instability
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1. Measurement error
2. Actual Variation -Genetics: changes in gene expression -Neural: Synaptic Changes -Behavioral: Context/Situation CHanges |
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Moderators of Emotion
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Perception of emotion: Emotional intelligence, ability to understand ones own and others emotions
Experience of Emotions Tendency to reappraise or tendency to suppress ex: incrementalists Expression of Emotion Variation in degree to which emotion is expressed, heavily dependent on cultural norms |
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Emotion regulation
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How we try to influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express these emotions
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Hedonic motivation to regulate emotions
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Motivated by desire to feel pleasure and reduce pain
-downregulate negative -upregulate positive |
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Functional motivation to regulate emotions
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Will upregulate negative emotions if they are seen as useful
-participants played video game, upregulated anger when told it would help them do better |
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Intrinsic emotion regulation
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Regulate emotions in the self
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Extrinsic emotion regulation
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regultion of other's emotions
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Situation Selection
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Antecedent based regulation
Putting oneself in a situation that will ellicit desirable emotions or avoid undesirable emotions Depends on affective forecasting, which is often erratic. Impact bias acts as a motivator for this. ex: colonoscopy, concentrating on wrong emotional experience (relief afterward) In the end, not always adaptive; constant avoidance of unpleasant stimuli could lead to phobia |
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Situation Modification
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Antecedent based regulation
Modifying a situation directly to alter its emotional impact. ex: setting the mood with candles, alternative activity when plans fall through CREATES situation as opposed to SELECTING (situation selection) |
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Attentional Deployment
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Antecedent based regulation
Influencing emotional responding by redirecting attention within a situation ex: Distraction Rumination |
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Cognitive Change
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Antecedent based emotion regulation
Changing one or more appraisals in a way that alters the situation's emotional significance by changing thinking about the situation itself or our capacity to deal with it (AKA reappraisal) ex: reassessing amputation clip from a clinical perspective led to decreased startle response, neuroendocrine response, autonomic response no reduction in memory for events, no decrease in ease of social interaction |
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Response Modulation
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Influencing physiological, experiential, or behavioral responses relatively directly ex meditation to reduce stress
Expression suppression: attempts to decrease ongoing emotion-expressive behavior Costly strategy, requires effort, reduced memory for events and reduced comfort in social situations |
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Entity theories
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View that attributes like personality or intelligence are fixed and stable
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Incremental theories
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View that attributes like personality or intelligence are dynamic and malleable
Greater emotion regulation self-efficacy, greater use of reappraisal (process 4, cognitive change) More positive emotions and less negative emotions Greater well being Lower levels of depression Higher Levels of social adjustment and less loneliness |
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Effortful regulation
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regulation most commonly thought of as conscious, deliberate attempt to exert control
Resources for engaging in control are finite, can result in ego depletion |
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Automatic Regulation
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Can prime complex goals like cooperation
control primed or expression those who were control primed less angry at mean experimenter when provoked, those with more favorable attiturds toward emotion control felt less angry and showed greater challenge cardio response as opposed to threat |
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Fake Smiling
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On days when smiles were faked, driver mood worsened and withdrew from work. Authentic smiles came from generating positive thoughts.
Showed that different types of smiles had different effects on global emotions. |
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Social sources of Emotion
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Interaction with real others
Interaction with imagined/internalized others (still directly influence us) self emotions vs social emotions i like math, but it would be my social death to join mathletes! |
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Mimicry
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Increases liking by mimicked person, as long as mimicry occurs outside awareness.
Mimic to help empathy (mirror neurons), and faciliate social interactions |
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Posture mimicry
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Posture conveys higher or lower dominance. Tiedens and Fragale found that a complementary position elicited more favorable reaction in participants
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Self stereotyping
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Occurs for group stereotypes only
telling participants they are unlike group makes them want to identify more effects found for even experimentally create groups |
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Triangular model of love
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Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment
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Intimacy alone
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Liking
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Passion alone
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Infatuation
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Commitment
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Empty Love
(arranged marriage) |
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Non-love
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Absence of all parts of triangular love model
like one would feel towards a lightbulb |
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Intimacy + Passion
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Romantic Love
(summer fling) |
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Intimacy + commitment
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companionate love
(Besties) |
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Passion + Commitment
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Fatuous love
(twighlight) |
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Intimacy + Passion + Commitment
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Consummate Love
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Secure Attachment
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Child uses caregiver as a secure base for exploration. Protests caregiver's departure and seeks proximity and is comforted on return, returning to exploration. May be comforted by the stranger but shows clear preference for the caregiver
Promoted by appropriate responses from caregiver, prompt and consistent |
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Avoidant Attachment
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Little or no distress on departure, little or no visible response to return, ignoring or turning away with no effort to maintain contact if picked up. Treats the stranger similarly to the caregiver.
promoted by little or no response to distressed child by caregiver, discouraging crying and encouraging independance (Ferberizing) |
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Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment
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Distressed on separation with ambivalence, anger, reluctance to warm to caregiver and return to play upon return. Preoccupied with caregiver's availability, seeking contact but resisting angrily when it is achieved. Not easily calmed by stranger.
Promoted by inconsistent responses from caregiver. Generally only responds after increased attachment behavior from infant. |
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Disorganized Attachement
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Stereotypies on return such as freezing or rocking. Lack of coherent attachment strategy shown by contradictory, disoriented behaviors such as approaching but with back turned.
Can be indicative of abusive or dangerous environments. Frightening behavior from caregiver, extra intrusiveness, withdrawal, negativity, and maltreatment. |
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Secure adult attachment
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Positive thoughts about self and partner
Comfortable with intimacy and autonomy |
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Preoccupied adult attachment
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Negative view of self, positive view of others
Preoccupied with relationships |
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Dismissive adult attachment
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Positive view of the self, negative view of others
Dismissing of intimacy, strongly independent |
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Fearful adult attachment style
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Negative thoughts about self and others
Fearful of intimacy and socially avoidant |
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Instrumental social support
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Advice, assistance (practical and constructive)
Asians and Asian Americans prefer instrumental support |
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Emotional social support
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Empathy, priase
European Americans prefer this type of support |
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Visible social support
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Obvious blatant support from others
assumptive, can cause self fulfilling prophecies expecting more stress from others |
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Invisible social support
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Helping outside of other's awareness, for example, helping around the house when partner is stressed.
ex study: cortisol lower during stress task when participants were neither overly negative or overly supportive. Blunt delivery of feedback eliminates self-fulfilling prophecy |
