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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Element
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Form of matter that has mass, occupies space, and can't be broken down into a different form of matter by physical or chemical means
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Atom
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The smallest unit of an element that still contains the characteristics of that element
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Proton (p+)
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+ charged particle. All atoms of the same element have the same amount of protons
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Neutron
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Uncharged particle in an atom.
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Electron (e-)
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- charged particle. Atoms have the same amount of electrons as protons. They can be shared or transfered among atoms
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Atomic Number
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The amount of protons there are in an element (there are always the same amount of protons as electrons)
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Mass Number (Atomic Mass)
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Amount of neutrons + protons
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Isotope
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One or more froms of an element's atoms that differ in their number of neutrons.
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Chemical Bonds
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A bond between the electron structures of atoms or ions
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms of the same or different atoms chemically bonded
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Compounds
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A molecule consisting of two or more elements in unvarying proportions like H20. (2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen always)
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Mixture
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Two or more elements mixed together with varying proportions
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Ion
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An atom that has gained or lost an electron(s), becoming - or + charged. When it loses one, it becomes + charged, when it gains it becomes - charged.
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Ionic Bond
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Two ions being held together by the attraction of the opposite charge (+)(-) (-)(+)
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Covalent Bond
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Strongest bond, the sharing of one or more electrons between atoms or groups of atoms.
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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The atoms or atom groups share the electrons equally
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Polar Covalent Bond
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Polar bonds share them the electrons unequally
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Hydrogen Bond
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A weak attraction between an electronegative atom (ex. oxygen) and a hydrogen atom. Hydrogen's + charge attracts the atom w/ the - charge
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Hydrophilic substances
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Polar molecule that easily dissolves in water (ex. sugar)
hydro-water, philo-love |
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Hydrophobic substances
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Nonpolar molecules that strongly resists dissolving in water (ex. oil)
hydro-water, phobia-fear |
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Solvent
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Something that a solute can dissolve in. Water is the universal solvent b/c it dissolves so many things.
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Solutes
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Something that dissolves in a solvent
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Spheres of Hydration
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Substances are dissolved after water molecules cluster around ions and keep it dispersed. These clusters are called spheres of hydration.
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Hydrogen Ions
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They are the same things as free protons.
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Hydroxide Ions
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A hydroen atom that has gained and electron, therefore being - charged. (OH-)
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pH scale
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Used to measure the H+ concentration of fluids. The lower the pH is, the higher the acidity. The higher it is, the lower acidity. 7 is pure water
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Acids
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Substances that give up protons (H+) when dissolved.
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Bases
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Substances that accept protons when dissolved.
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Buffer system
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The partnership between a weak acid and the weak base that forms as the acid dissolves in water. They work as a pair to counter shifts in pH.
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