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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CDC
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Center Disease control and Prevention
atlanta, ga |
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Institutions that investigate emerging diseases
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CDC - atlanta
Fort Collins - colorodo Havard school of public health - mass Koch Institute - berlin, germany Liverpool school of tropical medicine - england London school of tropical medicine and hygeine Gorgas institute of tropical medicine - panama, panam |
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More institutions
NIH USAMRIID WHO |
National Institute of Health - maryland
U.S. army medical research institute of infections diseases World Health Organization |
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Reasons for emergence/remergence of diseases
(1-7) |
1. more resistant people
2. rapid pathogen evolution 3. human colonization 4. human re-settlement in rural areas 5. concentration of infected peoplee (hospitals, cities) 6. Increased international travel 7. climate changes (global warming, el nino) |
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Reasons for emergence/ remergence of diseases
(8-16) |
8. Ecological changes (forest destruction, dam construction)
9. Pathogens/parasites adapt to new host 10. drug resistance 11. improved pathogen detection techniques 12. improved pathogen survellience 13. improved diagnostic techniques 14. mass movements of humans 15. under funded health care systems 16. increased worldwide trade in animals |
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Causes of Immunosuppression
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HIV infection, immunosuppressive drugs, radiation therapy, certain cancers, side effects of other drugs, certain infections, parasitic infections, being less than 23 months and older than 65 years, splenectomy, malnutrition, alcoholism
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MRSA
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Methicillin Resistant Staphyloccoccus aureus
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VRE
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Vancomyin resistant enterococci
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NDM-1 Resistance gene
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2010 new gene,
confers resistance to almost all known antibiotics many different bacteria have acquired this gene widespread in india |
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Who discovered penicillion
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Alexander Fleming
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Bacteriophage
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viruses that attack specific bacteria,
have been suggested as a future alternative to biotics (honey kills bacteria including many drug resistant strains) |
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Maggot therapy (what type of maggot)
how does it promote healing (3 ways) |
live maggots of Lucilia Sericata
Debridement - removing dead tissue Antibiotics - secreted into wound by maggots Healing - physically promoted by maggot scrapping |
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Oxititan
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titanium oxide
acts as elctrostatic trap for bacteria, viruses, and fungal spores sprayed in physicians offices |
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Clostridium
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bacterial intestinal infection, infection often follows antibiotic treatment, (antibiotics remove certain bacteria from gut then this takes over), chief symptom is profuse diarrhea
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Biosafety level 1
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for agents not known to cause disease in healthy adults
open bench with top sink required no safety barriers required |
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Biosafety Level 2
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for agents known to cause mild human disases, non-aerosol transmission
biohazard warning signs sharps precatiouns biosafety protocol for waste disposal physical containment of pathogens including barriers PPE: lab coatats, face protection, disposable gloves autoclave must be avialable |
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Biosafety level 3
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for serious or lethal indigenous or exotic agents with potential for aersol transmission
controlled access decontamination of waste and lab serological survellience laminar flow hood repiratory protection negative air flow self closing double door access change clothes going in, shower going out |
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Biosafety level 4
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for dangerous exotic or life threatening agents, aerosol or unknown transmission routes
full body positive pressure suits equipped with respirator seperate building or isolated zone dedicated air supply exhaust system and decontamination units |
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Serology
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study of serum components, particularly antibodies in blood
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Seroconversion
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a seriological antibody response to a pathogen demonstrating current or previous exposure of the host by the pathogen in question (=seropositive)
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Acute Phase
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the fevver/symptomatic stage of a particular bout of disease, a 4-fold or higher increase in antibody titer directed against a particular pathogen between acute phase and convalescent phase sera is considered evidence of infection by that pathogen
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Convalescent phase
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a period (usually 3 weeks or more) after recovery from a disease during which antibody titer in the patients serum is compared to that present during the acute phase. A 4-fold or higher increase in antibody titer to a particular pathogen or parasie is prof of previous infection
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Paired sera
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sera taken from acute-phase and convalescent-phase patients for titer comparison
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Antibody titer
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the amount of specific antibody in the blood (usually expressed a dilution factore for a pathogen-specfic antibody ie 64,128,256)
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Immunocompromised/immunosuppressed
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state of decreased immune function, can be caused by infection, parasites or certain drugs
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Cross- protection
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condition of being resistant to a particular pathogen after producing antibodies to a different pathogen
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Aerosol Transmission
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transmission through the atmosphere (sneeze or cough)
sometimes called droplet transmission |
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Fomite Transmission
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transmission of a pathogen via an inanimate object
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Venereal Transmission
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transmission of pathogen during sexual intercourse
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Anterior Station transmission
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transmission via bite of infected vector
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Posterior station transmission
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transmission via the feces of infected vector
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Transovarial transmission
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transmission from an infected female to her kid
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Transtadial Transmission
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transmission from one stage of a vector through the molt to to the next stage
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Biological transmission
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transmission by a vector of a pathogen that has completed a developmental cycle or maturation in the vector
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Mechanical Transmission
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transmission by a vector of a pathogen that has not completed a development or maturation cycle in the vector
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Arthropod
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insects, ticks, chiggers, spiders, scorpions
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Arthropodiais
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infestation by arthropods
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Parasite
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organism that harms its host by obtaining sustenence (blood, tissue) from it
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Ectoparasite
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prasite that liveso n the external surface (ticks lice, flease)
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Endoparasite
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parasite that lives inside its host (tapeowrms, malaria)
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Helminth
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parasitic worm
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Vector
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organism that transmits a pathogen to another organism
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pathogen
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microorganism that harms its host
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Attenuated pathogen
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disease causeing agent of lower than normal virulence
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Host
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the organism in which a pathogen or prasite lives and takes sustenance
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Resovior host (carrier host)
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host in which pathogen is normally maintined in nature
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Amplifying host
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host organism in which pathogen multiplies rapidly
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Dead-end host
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host in which pathogen does not circulate
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Naive host
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potential host that has not been previously been infected by a particular pathogen or parasite
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Intemrediate host
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host of one or more developmental stages of a mult-host parasite
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Definitive host
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the host of the adult stage of a multi host parasite
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Sentinel host
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an animal usted to detect pathogens or parasites
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microfilariae
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small forms of parasitic nematodes that reside in the circulatory systems of ther hosts
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Anthroponosis
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disease that can only affect humans
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zoonosis
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disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans
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infectious disease
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disease caused by a pathogen that can be transmitted to another host
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Inapparent infection
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an infection that does not cause apparent illness
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Disseminated infection
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infection throughtout most or all of the body
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opportunistic infection
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infection that occurs more frequently in certain predisposed host groups
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Nosocomial infection
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an infection contracted in a hospital setting
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incubation period
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amount of time passed between the initial inifection with a pathogen or parasite
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Recrudescnece
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the reappearnece of a bout of disease after an asymptomatic period
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Refractory
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condtion of an individual not being suseptible to partiular pathogen or parasite
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Prognosis
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predicted clinical course of a particular infection or other medical condition
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Autochtonus
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disease aqcquired locally
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febriel
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condition of fever
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congenital
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condition present at birth
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ecephalitis
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infection and swelling of breain
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meningitis
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infection and inflamation of the meningeal membranes that surroud the brain and spinal cord
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Virulence
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severity of clinical symptoms
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Epidemiology
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study of the causation and distribution of diseases
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epidemic
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presence of a particular human disease significantly above the normal infection, usually in a widespread area
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Pandemic
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global or widespread endemic
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Index case
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single infections host from which an epidemic originated
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endemic
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state of a pathogen or disease being naturally present in a particular are
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Enzootic
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presicnse of a pathogen in a particular are maintained in nature
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Epizootic
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an enzootic pthogen of animals that suddenly causes an epidemic
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etiology
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cause of disease
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introgenic condition
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medical condition caused by or worsened by therapy
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idiopathic condition
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an infectious disease of unknown cause
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Prion
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not really an organism but a protein that induces entanglement in adjacent proteins ultimately causing damage to the central nervous system
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Viroid
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again, not really an organism but an infectious fragment of naked RNA
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Virus
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a minute prasitic organism with a protein/glycoprotein coat surrounding a nuclear envelope containg a RNA or DNA. can opnly replicate inside another living cell
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Virion
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a potentially infectious viral particle
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Arbovirus
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a virus transmitted by an arthropod
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Mycopsma
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bacterium lacks a true cell wall but instead is bounded by a 3 layered membrane
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Bacterium
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unicellular, nucleated, non-photosynthetic organism that lacks a nuclear membrane
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Rikettsia
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specialized type of intracellular, parasitic bacterium
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Spirochete
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motile, parasitic bacterium, large, corkscrew structure
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Fungus
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plant like organism that grows in irregular masses
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Metazoan
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multicellular organism
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Protozoan
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single celled organism
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Helminth
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term broadly used to refer to parasitic tapeworms, flukes, roundworms
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BSE
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bovine spongiform encepalopathy
- mad cow disease Jakob in humans or varient creutzfeldt |
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CJD
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creutzfeldt - jakob disease
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CWD
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chronic wasting disease-mainly effects deer and elk
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