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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plebiscites (2) |
1933 - ‘Do you agree with the decision to pull out of the LoN?’ - 95% in favour 1934 - ‘Do you endorse Hitler taking over Hindenburg’s remaining power’s on his death?’ - 90% in favour |
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Working class benefits (5) |
‘Beauty of Labour’ programme worked to ensure good working conditions ‘Strength Through Joy’ (KdF) provided holiday travel, education & sports facilities KdF holiday participants rose from 2.3m in 1934 to 10.3m in 1938. Conscription & public work projects provided much employment. ‘People’s Car’ schemes allowed cheap loans to pay for cars & had 300,000 |
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Public collaboration (3) |
1933-5 party membership tripled. Gestapo functioned despite being short staffed - shows support from many 1935 only 4000 in concentration camps |
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Economic successes (4) |
1932-7 unemployment fell from 6mil to 1mil
1933-36 GNP rose 40%
Grand projects such as 3000km of autobahn road by end of 1930s inspired public support
By 1938 2.5mil families benefited from increased welfare payments from having multiple kids |
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foreign policy successes (4) |
rearmament & conscription in violation of ToV announced in 1935 Saar plebiscite in 1935 successful remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936 Anschluss in 1938. |
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Political successes (3) |
1933-5 party membership tripled Hitler’s dictatorship as the Fuhrer meant a leader with integrity & drive to fulfil the national interest without conflict or confusion, contrast to Weimar Reichstag Fire Decree in 1933 saw the destruction of communist parties in Germany - many Germans were grateful |
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People's receiver stats (3) |
70% of households had one by 1939 Audiences reached 16m by 1942 Hitler made 50 broadcasts in 1933 alone |
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Ritual propaganda examples (2) |
Annual holidays eg Annual Party Rally, National Day of Labour Hitler salute |
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Evidence of youth groups positive influence on popularity (4) |
1938 77% of youths participated in Nazi youth groups even in 1933 HY had 2.3mil members Fun activities & feeling of community made youths loyal to the regime Respect given to HY from society (saluting as they walked past etc) gave sense of status & purpose |
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Terror reliance on public support stats (3) |
only 40,000 Gestapo agents for all Germany Wurzburg (pop. 1 mil) had 21 officers Persecution by Gestapo prompted by public denunciations 50-80% of the time depending on the area |
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Egs of Resistenz & loyal reluctance (5) |
confessional church 6000 vs nazi reich church 2000 objections to nazi pressure to sack women led to minister of interior suspending programme temporarily in 1934 readership in Germany declined by 10% 1933-39 Working hours rose from 43-47 a week ('33-39) whilst real wages didn't surpass 1929 levels until 1938 farmers resented interference by unnecessary regulations from Reich Food Estate |
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Terror stats (4) |
1939 250,000 working for the police state
1934-45 44% of People's Court defendants executed; 2/3 of those released were arrested soon after
1935 alone prison population rose by 53,000, 23,000 of which were political prisoners
1936-9 concentration camp numbers rose from 7500 to 21,000 |
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Opposition key examples (5) |
Marburg Speech, Papen 1934. Expressed discontent of conservatives, Catholics & the army 1934 1.25mil communist leaflets confiscated 1935 estimated 5000 active communists in Berlin Edelweiss Pirates, White Rose, Swing Kids Clergy Opposition (Prot Paul Schneider, Bonhoeffer, Cath Clemens Galen - who gave speech exposing Aktion T4 in 1941) |
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Volksgemeinschaft |
'People's community' Party aimed towards a united society that overcame barriers of class etc, underpinned by Germanic values Refreshing contrast to conflicts of Weimar years, fuelling popularity Crucially made the Nazis appealing to all sects of the society - didn't have religious or class ties |
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Benefits for farmers from regime (2) |
Many debts written off & low interest loans made available Reich Entailed Farm Law provided security of tenure & prevented division of farm land |
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Legacy of Weimar - comparitive improvements that the Nazis made that fuelled their popularity (3) |
Hitler - strong charismatic leader preferable over conflicting bureaucrats of the Republic Rejection of ToV policy hugely popular, restoring Germany's honour. Republic was bound by ToV Economy - economic successes of Nazis contasted sharply with Depression of Weimar years |
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Hitler's popularity & public image (3) |
Cult of the Fuhrer - propaganda gave Hitler a god-like status in Germany Detachment from day-to-day issues meant that Hitler's popularity transcended local issues, giving better foundation for the regime's overall popularity 'People's Kaiser' image made him seem a father figure who genuinely understood the plight of the average German |
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List of key propaganda facts (6) |
People's receiver & radio Cinema Events (Potsdam Day & Olympics) Ritual Posters & publishing Art & Music |
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Cinema propaganda (3) |
Film industry thrived & genuinely popular - propaganda was carefully managed to avoid overload (only 9% of films 1933-45 were specifically commissioned by propaganda ministry) However beyond these, most films carried nationalist messages & aligned with regime, supporting popularity 'Eternal Jew' - anti-semitic documentary 'Olympia' - glorified account of Berlin olympics |
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Propaganda events: Potsdam Day |
March 1933 Deliberately engineered celebration to legitimise the Nazi regime's connection to conservative heroes of 2nd Reich Hitler's public appearance alongside Hindenburg at the symbolic headquarters of German army & Hohenzollern dynasty made him seem the true successor to Germany's leadership |
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Propaganda events: Olympic Games |
1936 Huge spectacle put on for the international stage. Germany's power exhibited & fuelled domestic nationalism (eg Berlin Olympic stadium was largest stadium in the world) Germany finished first on medal table & popularity fuelled by the success of the Nazi olympic effort. International respect also widely earnt |
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Propaganda: Music, art & architecture facts (3) |
Classical & militaristic music were celebrated whilst Jazz & Jewish music rejected Modern art rejected by the regime - accessible, traditional art that celebrated Germany was encouraged Grand architecture used as powerful symbol of Nazi power - eg huge government buildings & 3000km of autobahn roads |
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Effect of education Gleichschaltung & indoctrination on popularity (3) |
Comprehensive impact - by 1937, 97% of teachers were part of the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB) Removal of jews, single sex schools & Nazi theory in syllabus made youths accepting of Nazi ideology, fuelling popularity German Student Union was the key org that initiated book burning of 25,000 'un-German' books in 1933 - shows success of indoctrination |
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Popular policies implemented for women (3) |
German Motherhood Cross given to housewives with numerous children Lebensborn ('font of life') set up to help single mothers Marriage loans scheme established to help young families |
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Hitler Youth: ages & details (4) |
Hitler Youth: 14-18 years. 1936 membership made compulsory Used to indoctrinate youth & prepare for military service. Linked to SS who specifically groomed potential future leaders. Activities included theory classes, survival & weapons training, marches |
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League of German maidens ages, activites (3) |
14-21. Emphasised ideology acceptance. 3 K's: children, church & kitchen Physical exercise, domestic training, importance of motherhood & warnings against 'racial defilement' |
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Resistenz definition |
Those not conforming fully to Nazi ideology but not exactly opposing it Egs: women wearing makeup, non-participation in Hitler Youth Links to loyal reluctance - many of these people still accepted the regime overall, despite disagreeing with some policies |
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Vs popularity - lack of support from authorities egs (2) |
Army: discontent still persisted even after Night of Long Knives. Had to be reassured at State Opera House meeting & even then some had doubts (eg Blomberg & Fritsch) Civil service: esp judges, were independent from regime & often suspicious. The fact that alternate Nazi courts were establish to circumvent traditional judges shows their lack of complete support |
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'Selective' terror argument |
-Terror only exhibited vs direct political/racial enemies or 'degenerates'. Vast majority of Germans unaffected. -People were aware of terror & it suppressed overt opposition - however resistenz shows that the regime was not 100% popular -Conversely people were not terrorized into silence, plenty facts to prove widespread consent -Answer lies somewhere in the middle |
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Consent definition |
Individual agreement; giving consent or approval. Used to indicate wholehearted support for the regime - strong popularity |
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Consensus definition |
General agreement from a group - from MOST of those concerned Can be linked to loyal reluctance etc to demonstrate that the regime was not hugely popular but it was widely accepted |
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Arguments for popularity (9) |
Plebiscites
Volksgemeinschaft Public collaboration (w terror etc) Legacy of Weimar Hitler Army & Adaptability Successes & benefits for society Successful propaganda Successful indoctrination |
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Arguments for partial popularity (4) |
- Resistenz & loyal reluctance - Limited support from authorities (army & civil service) - 'Selective' terror - Propaganda distorts appearance of genuine support |
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Arguments vs popularity (2) |
Terror Opposition |
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Army & adaptability of the regime to preserve/improve support (3) |
1934 Operation Hummingbird & Night of the Long Knives: purged SA leadership killing ~200, vastly improving relations with the Reichswehr & removing hooliganism of 3m strong SA to improve public reputation 1935 State Opera House meeting: Hitler reassures the dubious officers 'my faith in the Wermacht is unshakeable' & lays out war plans 1938 Blomberg-Fritsch Affair purged Wermacht leadership to finalise Nazi grip over army command (more terror) |
