Emergency Care In The Streets:chapters 6 Patho Study Guide

Front 1

The definition of Pathophysiology

Back 1

The study of the function of the organism in the presence of suffering/disease.

Front 2

The definition of a tissue

Back 2

Groups of similar cells that work together for common function.

Front 3

Organelle responsible for ATP production and usage

Back 3

The powerhouse; mitochondria

Front 4

Location and definition of epithelial tissue

Back 4

Type of tissue that covers the external surfaces of the body, also lines hollow organs within the body. Funtion is protective barrier, absorption of nutrients in the intestines, secretion ie. sweat.

Front 5

Characteristics of connective tissue

Back 5

Type of tissue that binds other types of tissue together. Addipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of lipids/fats.

Front 6

The definition of homeostasis

Back 6

Degree of stability or equilibrium within the body. Greek words for "same" and "steady." Also called dynamic steady state. The body maintains homeostais by balancing what it takes in with what it puts out.

Front 7

The definition of endogenous ligands

Back 7

Ligands are molecules that are either produced by the body (endogenous) or given as a drug (exogenous), and bind to a receptor leading to a reaction. In addition to meds, common ligands include hormones, neurotransmitter, and electrolytes.

Front 8

The difference between endocrine and exocrine hormones

Back 8

Endocrine hormones are carried to their target organ or cell group in the blood. Exocrine hormones reach their target via a specific duct that opens into the organ.

Front 9

The definition of hypertrophy

Back 9

Adaption of the cell leading to an increase in size of a cell due to synthesis of more subcellular components, inturn leading to an increase size of the tissue and organ. IE. The Lt ventricle of the heart may hypertrophy due to high resistance pressue from HTN.

Front 10

The definition of dysplasia

Back 10

Adaption of the cell leading to an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells. IE. Commonly found in epithelial cells that have undergone irregular, atypical changes in response to chronic irritation or inflammation. Respiratory tracts of smokers producing cancer.

Front 11

Results of the net effect of osmosis

Back 11

The movement of water down its concentration gradient and across a membrane. Low to high.

Look up to make sure this is complete answer.

Front 12

Definition and examples of isotonic hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions.

Back 12

Isotonic-Solutions are equal.
Hypotonic-Low solute concentration, leser osmotic pressure than the cell.
Lower to higher cell increase in size.
Hypertonic-high solute concentration, higher osmotic pressure than the cell.
Lower to higher cell decrease in size.
Examples?

Front 13

Complications from a defective sodium-potassium pump

Back 13

If the pump is impaired due to insufficient potassium in the body, sodium accumulates and causes cell to swell.

Front 14

The cardinal sign of overhydration is...

Back 14

edema.

Front 15

Characteristics of acute pulmonary edema

Back 15

Excess fluid in the lungs impairs the diffusion of oxygen into the pulmonary capillaries, making the the pt hypoxic.

Front 16

Effects of decreased lymphatic drainage

Back 16

Edema

Front 17

Primary factors that affect baroreceptors

Back 17

One of the three types of receptors involved in monitoring body's state of hydration. Found primarily in the carotid artery, aorta, and kidney, sensitive to changes in blood pressure.

Front 18

Characteristics of Renin

Back 18

A protein that is release by the kidneys into the bloodstream in response to changes in BP, blood flow, the amount of sodium in the tubular fluid, and the glomerular filtration rate. It converts plasma protein causing sodium resorption by the renal tubules, constriction of renal blood vessels, slowing kidney blood flow and decreasing glumerular filtration rate.

Front 19

Actions of the RAAS negative feedback system

Back 19

Sodium and chloride are very important electrolytes within the body of pH balance. Sodium in general is taken in by food and regulated primarily by the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS) and natriurectic proteins. The RAAS is a comples feed back mechanism responsible for the kidney's regulation of sodium in the body. When the sodium is present in excess they kidney excretes it, when levels are low it reabsorbs sodium.

Front 20

The definition of hyperkalemia

Back 20

High potassium

Front 21

Effects of D50 on the cells

Back 21

hypotonic solution low to high

Front 22

Storage locations of magnesium

Back 22

~50% of the body's magnesium are stored in the bone, ~49% in the body's cells, remaining 1% in extracellular fluid.

Front 23

pH range of the body

Back 23

Measurement of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is called pH. Normal range for the body is 7.35-7.45

Front 24

Acid effects on pH homeostasis (including salicylates)

Back 24

If the pH is too low (acidosis), neurons become less excitable & CNS depression results, causing confusion, and disorientation. If CNS depression progresses, the respiratory centers cease function, leading to death. Can cause respiratory acidosis, abnormal hypervent to excrete CO2 decreasing the acidosis, Kussmaul respirations.

Front 25

Primary cause of hyperventilation is

Back 25

Respiratory acidosis

Front 26

Effects of hypoxia on the cells

Back 26

Cells are hypoxic for more than a few seconds produce mediators, substance that may damage other local or distant body locations. This lead to positive feedback cycle and further damage.

Front 27

Effects of cyanide on the mitochondria

Back 27

Cyanide induces cell hypoxia by blocking oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria preventing matabolism of oxygen.

Front 28

Bacteria vs Viruses

Back 28

Bacteria can capsule or not trying to protect itself from phagocytes. They produce endotoxins or exotoxins, which lead to cell injury or death. Large amounts of toxin can create sepsis.
Viruses are parasites containing RNA or DNA and take over the metabolic process of a host cell. Replication of the virus occurs within the host.

Front 29

Apoptosis

Back 29

Normal cell death. Uniquely programmed within the cell, playing a normal role in aging as well as other functions. They undergo controlled degradation with cellular "cyanide," recycling many components.

Front 30

Genetic risk vs familial tendency

Back 30

Genetic risk and familial tendency are two different terms.
Genetic risk is one passed through generation by inheritance of a gene.
In contrast, with a fimilial tendency, diseases may "cluster" in family group despite lack of evidence for heritable gene-association.

Hint 30

6.19

Front 31

Where allergies are acquired

Back 31

Allergies are acquired following inital exposure to a stimulant, known as allergen. Repeat exposure causes the immune system to react to the allergen.

Front 32

Characteristics of type 1 diabetes

Back 32

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus needing exgenous insulin to survive. Born with and the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.

Front 33

Characteristics of hemolytic anemia

Back 33

Increase destruction of RBC, causes include Rh factor blood transfusion reaction, or exposure to chemicals.

Front 34

Characteristics of cardiomyopathy

Back 34

A general term for disease of the myocardium that ultimately progress to heart failure, acute MI, or death. Cause heart muscle to become thin, flabby, dilated, or enlarged.

Front 35

Characteristics of muscular dystrophy

Back 35

Generic term for diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of group of skeletal muscles.

Front 36

The body's response to hypoperfusion

Back 36

When the level of tissue perfusion decrease below normal. Perfusion is defined as delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste from the cells, organs, and tissue by circulatory system. In response to hypoperfusion the body release catecholamines, ie epi and norepi, producing vasoconstriction. RAAS is activated and antidiuretic hormone is released from the pituitary gland triggering salt and water retention along with vasoconstriction, increasing BP and cardiac output. The spleen has the ability if needed to release blood. Initial compensatory mechanisms is to increase preload, stroke volume, and HR, increasing cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demand.

Front 37

Causes of cardiogenic shock

Back 37

A type of central shock. Cardiogenic shock is when the heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheal oxygen delivery. Most common causes of cardiogenic shock is MI, only requiring loss of 40% or more of functioning myocardium.

Front 38

The definition of obstructive shock

Back 38

A type of central shock. Obstructive shock is when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels. In pericardial tamponade diastolic filling of the Rt ventricle is impaired due to significant amounts of fluid in the pericardial sac leading to decrease cardiac output. Also includes PE, tension pneumothorax preventing adequate blood flow to lungs, resulting in inadequate venous return to the Lt side of heart.

Front 39

Primary cause of hypovolemic shock

Back 39

A type of periphearal shock in which the circulating blood volume is unable to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients.
Two types of hypovolemic shock depending on where the fluid loss is from, exogenous and enogenous. Exo (most common) external bleeding, diarrhea, or vomitting. Edogenous is loss of fluid within.

Front 40

Characteristics of distributive shock-

Back 40

Widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles), the capacitance vessels (small venules), or both. The circulating blood volume then "pools" in the expanded vascular beds, and tissue perfusion decrease. The three most common types of distributive shock are anaphylactic, septic shock, and neurogenic shock.

Front 41

Characteristics of anaphylactic shock

Back 41

When exposed to an allergen, histamine and other vasodilator proteins are released. The causes wheezing, hives, vasodilation of blood vessels causing leakage into the interstital spaces (distributive shock), resulting in intravascular hypovolemia.

Front 42

Definition of neurogenic shock

Back 42

Results usually from spinal cord injury, loss of normal sympathetic nervous tone and vasodilation.

Front 43

Factors contributing to the strength of pulse

Back 43

Strength of the peripheral pulse relate to the stroke volume and pulse pressure. Peripheral pulses should be readily palpable if the person is not in shock, although cold environments or obesity compromising the presence or strength of shock.

Front 44

Components of MODS

Back 44

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is progressive condition usually characterized by concurrent failure of sever organs which occur after sever illness or injury. MODS occurs when injury or infection triggers a massive systemic immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response with release of inflammatory mediators, causing damage to cells. MODS develops hours to days following resuscitation.

Front 45

Signs and Symptoms of the inflammatory system

Back 45

A response of the tissue of the body to irritation or injury characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and heat.

Front 46

The chief WBC of the immune system is the...

Back 46

lymphocytes.

Front 47

T lymphocytes mature in the...

Back 47

thymus.

Front 48

Components of passive acquired immunity

Back 48

A high specific inducible, discriminatory, and unforgetting method by which armies of cells respond to an immune stimulant. When the body is exposed it produces antibodies to that invader. Last shorter than active acquire immunity.

Front 49

Progression of the induction phase of the immune response

Back 49

The beginning when the immune system recognize an antigen, releasing antibody to bind to specific antigen so that it can attach itself to a specialize immune cell which ingest or attach the antigen.

Front 50

Activators of B lymphocytes are

Back 50

helper T cells

B lymphocytes make antibodies

Front 51

Destruction of a nonencapsulated bacteria is performed by

Back 51

macrophages with ingestion immediately.

Front 52

Primary causes of inflammation are

Back 52

physical injury, chemical agents, and immunologic substance

Front 53

Progression of the acute inflammatory response

Back 53

Following degranulation of mast cells, vasoactive amiones are released. Most important of them is histamine and serotonin, which increase vascular permeability, cause vasodilation, can cause bronchoconstriction, nausea, and vomiting.

Front 54

Mast cells also synthesize lukotrienes

Back 54

Also know as slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis are primary endogenous mediators of inflammation.

Front 55

Definition of fibrin

Back 55

The protein that polymerizes (bonds) to form the fibrous component of blood clot.

Front 56

How inter leukins function

Back 56

Release by lyphocytes as cellular products of inflammation they attract WBC to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion.

Front 57

Definition of isoimmunity

Back 57

The formation of T cells or antibodies directed against the antigens or another person's cell.

Front 58

Components of the type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Back 58

Acute reaction that occurs in reaction to stimulate. Involving interaction between antigen and a performed antibody of IgE type. First exposure they bind to nonspecific region, within the 2nd exposure they are cross linked to antigen, resulting in mast degranulation.

Front 59

Examples of autoimmunity disease

Back 59

Target a person's own tissue treating the body as foreign matter. Graves disease, type 1 diabetes, rhematoid arthritis. Refer to page 6.44 for more

Front 60

idopathic

Back 60

cause is unknown

Front 61

Effects of negative and positive Rh factor on each other.

Back 61

If an individual with Rh negative blood were exposed to Rh positive blood, antibodies to the antigen could be produced.

Front 62

Components of the resistance stage of the stress reaction

Back 62

Stage 2, after the release of chemicals, is the body's way of adapting to stress. Stimulating the adrenal gland to secrete two types of corcosterol hormones, glucocorticoids and mineralocoids. Of the glucorticoids is cortisol, potent anti-inflammatory actions. Mineralocorticods control electrolyte and water levels mainly promoting sodium retention by kidney eventually leads to fatigue lapses in concentration, irritability, and lethargy.

Front 63

Effects of severe prolonged stress on the body

Back 63

Exhaustion stage leads to adrenal glands depletion, decrease blood glucose, decrease stress tolerance, progressive mental and physical exhaustion, illness, and collapse. The immune system is compromised significantly.

Front 64

Common cause of orthostatic hypotension

Back 64

is dehydration