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139 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
agenda setting
media's ability to affect perception of how important an issue is

telling them what to THINK ABOUT
agora
public market where ppl gathered during day to sell productts and exchange ideas

ANCIENT GREECE
collaboration
communication that invites stakeholders to engage in problem-solving discussion

(not advocacy and debate)
constitutive
representations of nature are compoased as subjects for our understanding

(character of enviro communication)
enviro communication
pragmatic / constitutive vehicle for understanding the enviro

the symbolic medium that we use to construct enviro prob's and influence responses to them
montreael protocol
international treaty

US + 23 other nations

phase out CFCs
pragmatic
intrumental

educates / alerts/ persuades / helps us
SOLVE ENVIRO PROBLEMS
public sphere
influence created when ind. engage others in communitication

about subjects of shared concern / affecting a wider community
rhetorical focus
study of the modes of persuation used to communication about the enviro

study of critical rhetorics (communication) that questions / challences the discursive framing of
the nature-society relationship itself
sagebrush rebellion
late 70s & 80s

land users tried to take control of federal land / nat resources

in west
shannon-weaver

communication model
linear model defining human communication as transmission of info

source--->receiver
stakeholder
party most affected by a decision
superfund
fed law authorizing the EPA to clean up toxic sites

& hold responsibles accountable for cost
symbolic action
language and other acts DO SOMETHING in addition to literally saying something

(even language with little emotion is persuasive)
wise use groups
groups that organize ind opposing restrictions of their use of their property

for purposes like protection of wetlands / habitat for endancgered species

(aka property rights groups)
7 areas of enviro communication
1- enviro Rhetoric & Discourse

2- Media & enviro journalism

3- public participation in enviro decision making

4- advocacy campaigns

5- enviro collaboration / conflict resolution

6- risk communication

7- representations of nature in popular culture
/ green marketing
antagonism
recognizingi the limit of a widely shared idea
that
ALLOWS OPPOSING IDEA to be voiced
apocalyptic narrative
literary style used by some enviro writers

warns of impeding ecological crisis

envokes sense of end of the world resulting from our desire to control nature
common sense
what people assume to be views of "everybody" -
-whats generally agreed to be true

**source of legitimacy
conservation
early 20th C PINCHOT

wise / efficient use of resources
direct action
physical acts of protest (road blockades / tree spiking)
discourse
pattern of symbolic action (speaking writing etc)
resulting from multiple sources

-- a discourse circulates a set of meanings about an issue
dominant discourse
discourse thats gained broad / TaKEN FOR GRANTED status

ie growth = good for economy

help legitimize certain policies
dominant social paradigm
dominant discourse tradition of centuries

that has sustained attitudes of HUMAN DOMINACE OVER NATURE

affirms societies beleif that econ growth is good and faith in technology / limited gov't/ private property
earth summit
1992 United Nations conferences

on Enviro and development

in Rio de Janeiro , BRAZIL
Insurgent discourse
mode of representation challenging taken for granted assumptions

offers alternatives to prevailing discourses
legitimacy
right to excercise authority
nat'l enviro policy act
requres fed agencies to prepare an enviro impact statement

NIXON

1970

**modern enviro law!!!!***
new enviro Paradigm
insurgent discourse becoming more popular
after earth day 1970

emphasizes values of limits to growth / balance of nature
preservation
ban commercial use of wilderness areas

preserve!
principles of EJ
16 principles adoped at 1st National PPl of Color Enviro Leadership Summit

1991

rights such as right to politcal / enviro self determination of all people
public interest
symbolic mark of legitimacy for action taken in name of nation
rhetoric
power to discover available means of persuasion
rhetorical perspective
focus on purposeful / consequential efforts to influence attitudes thru communication

(public debate / protests / news / advertising)*ie symbolic action*
rio declaration
document adopted at earth summit that reaffirmed earlier declaration to work toward international agreement with respect to interests of the global enviro
sublime
aesthetic category

associates god's influece with feelings of awe in wilderness
sublime response
denotes the awareness of a sublime object

sense of personal insignificance / awe

feeling of spiritual exaltation
symbolic legitimacy boundaries
symbolic associations that ppl have to a policy / person

boundaries that define a particular idea as acceptable
terministic screens
language orients us to see some aspects of the world and not others


*a reflection of reality is a selection of reality and a deflection of reality
transcendentalism
beleif that correspondence between higher spiritual truth and lower material objects (nature)
tree spiking
driving spikes into trees to discourage cutting trees in area schedualed to be logged
utilitarianism
greatest good for the greatest number
visual rhetoric
capability of images / representations to influence attitudes toward the enviro
agenda setting
effect of media on perception of the importance of an issue

news reporting is successful in telling ppl what to think ABOUT
alternative media
sources challenging mainstream media's control of info

internet news / blogs / independent journalists / enviro groups
alternative public sphere
space w/i society which enviro groups articulate for themselves

their own discourse can be privilaged
anthropocentric resourcist ideology
view of nature to justify human dominance over nature
community structure studies
characteristics of communities are directly linked to content of reporting on issues that appear in local newspapers
cultivation analysis
repeated exposure to set of messages tends to produce agreement
cultivation in reverse
cultivation of anti-enviro attitude thru persistent lack of enviro images

or by directing attention to non-enviro issues
direct transmission model
early model

media = direct transmission of info from sender to receiver

**ppl highly susceptible to manipulation

**AKA HYPODERMIC MODEL
(media is a syringe injecting ppl)
frames
patterns of interpretaion that ppl use to organize their understanding of reality
gatekeeping
editors and media managers decide what to cover / not to cover

individuals in newsrooms decide what gets in / what stays out
image events
actions by environmentalists taking advantage of tv's hungar for pics

reducing complex set of issues to sisual symbols breaking ppl's comfort
issue-attention cycle
natural decline of public's concern with enviro prob's

publics attention goes thru states
*lack of awareness*--->*active engagement*--->*disinterest*
mainstreaming
differences in media are narrowed toward cultural norms
mainstream meadia
major tv / cable news / entertainment / films / newspapers / magazines / advertizing / radio / talkshow

carry news and info about the enviro
media effects
different media CONTENT
FREQUENCY
FORMS
of communication influencing attitudes
media frames
organizing themes connecting different elements of news story innto coherent whole
suggesting what is at issue
media political economy
influence of ownership& economic interest on news conetent
narrative framing
media's organization of phenomenon thru stories to help ppl's understanding
news hole
amt of space available for news story relative to other demands for that space
newsworthiness
ability of stories to attract readers

often defined as
PROMINANCE
TIMELINESS
PROXIMITY
IMPACT
MAGNITUDE
CONLICT
ODDITY
EMOTIONAL IMPACT
objectivity advocacy debate
debate between defenders of objectivity in news and people wanting right to evaluate competing arguments in controversies

some belevie media have duty to educate
/provide answers
objectivity and balance
norms of journalism for ~ century

commmitment by media to provide info thats accurate and w/o bias

when controversy: balance both sides of issue
symbolic annihilation
media's erase of the importance of a theme by passive de-emphasis
symbolic domestication
rhetorical construction of nature by the media as something to tame

and also in need of human care
unobtrusive events
events remote from personal experience

invisibility / delayed effects that ind's rarely noticce in their lives

(ie contamination by toxins)
enviro news sources tend to feature stories that are ::
1- Event Centered (ie oil spill)

2- strong Visuals

3- tied into a 24-hr daily cycle
"environmental ideology"
fully formed environmental beleif system
person's beleifs about the enviro are based on
-individual experience

-shared cultural beleifs / values

-social influences
non-hierarchical view of the enviro
ecocentric

-- no species takes precedence over any other
when did the enviro movement begin in the US
1970
transcendentalism
19th century philosophy

value and appreciate nature
muir preserve
yosemite valley
national enviro policy act

clean air act

clean water act
NIXON
enviro justice
basic right of all people to be free of poisons / hazards
environmental ideology
a way of thinking about nature that a person uses to justify actions toward it

a fully formed beleif system

formed by:
1-childhood experience
2- sense of place
3- historical context
anthropocentric

ideology
human centered
superior
dominant

natural world is HIERARCHAL
humans on top

apart

**most american ideologies*
ecocentric ideology
represented by a circle

NONHIERARCHICAL

interdependent relationships of life

no single species rules

HETERARCHY!

all equally valuable
dominent paradigm in american culture
mostly human centered

even tho enviro friendly ideologies
instrumentalism

ideology
humans are most important / dominant

resources exist for unlimited use

decisions should be made for immediate human desires / wants

**most anthro*
conservation

ideology
less anthro than instrumentalism - more so than preservationism

*recognizes some restraints on use of resources

using resources wisely

PINCHOT - ROOSEVELT

non-human have only utilitarian values

decribes much of 100+ yrs history of enviro social movement

*reformist ideology* - conservative

EX SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
sustainable development ex of
conservation
ideology
preservation ideology
only short distance from conservation

conserve resources for humans to use in present and future --

but beleif in preserving beyond their instrumental value (ie economic / utilitarian value)

"value" = scientific / ecological / aesthetic / religious
ethics / value driven

ideologies
non-human entities have value beyond utilitarian / scientific / aesthetic /religious worth

possess intrinsic value / inherent worth
(valuable regardless of benefits to humans)

moral dimension: humans have duty to nonhumans - they have the right to exist

*still relies on existing institutions / social systems
-more reformist than radical

TYPES:
animal rights
land-based
animal rights

(ethics ideology)
most concerned with animal-human relationship

assumes that value of community is beings within it -- not the entire ecosystem of living / non-living
land-based

(ethics ideology)
leopold

moves beyond limitations of sentience (only possessed by living things)

attributed value to ENTIRE ECOSYSTEM

humans = non-essential to functioning world
transformative

ideology
hope for transformation in people relation to earth

question DOMINANT ENVIRO IDEOLOGIES
call for extensive social change

-instrumentalism/conservationism/preservationism all helf responsible for current eco-crisis

claim reformist enviromentalism is inadequate

radical - exploring root of human relationship to natural world
ecological sensibility

(transformative ideology)
recognizes importance of relationships / individuales

moves beyond land-ethic -- integrating values

importance of relationships in addition to individuals

value characteristics given to natural systems
(diveristy / complexity / stability )
deep ecology

(transformative ideology)
desire to transform human interaction with the natural world from anthro->eco

recognize all life posssess intrinsic value independent of humans

(opposing "shallow ecology" of conser/preservation

emerged 60s 70s

radical groups split - need to drastically shift relationship with natural world

EARTH FIRST!

DIRECT ACTION

**biocentric equality**(intrinsic for all)
**self realization** (not seeking enjoyment - see yourslef as a larger whole)

-- similar to eastern philosophy (buddism / taoism)

con - misanthropic -- support for population control
social ecology

(transformative ideology)
2 forms recognizing role of power in enviro relationships

1-eco-marxism (emphasizes contradiction of capitalism{{increasing production - limited resources}}})
-cost of production don't include impact costs

2- doesn't critique capitalism but points to hierarchy as source of eco-crisis
-solution = transform social system -- end to hierachry
leading to non-hierarchal egalitarian relationship (social justice)
ecofeminism


(transformative ideology)
oppression of women and non-human nature are connected

anthro is primary factor in both

social change regarding the enviro and power / domination

HETERARCHY
native american ideologies


(transformative ideology)
nature is hierophanic -- source of spiritual revelation

sacred

god identifiable with nature
eastern tradition


(transformative ideology)
most aggreesive of their own and others enviros

humans integral dependent entity
spectrum of ideologies
ANTHRO

--instrumentalism

---conservationism

----preservationism

---- ethics / value driven

------ transformative

ECOCENTRIC
difference between transformative and ethics based ideologies
ethics -- not identifing root cause -- attempting to radically change the human dominated hierarchy

-transformative does
reality
news is a version of social reality

includes some facts ignores some

presents one frame of reality -- ignores another
hypodermic needle
aka magic bullet

media extremely powerful

-- zap propaganda into audience
after hypodermic needle
realized audience could evaluate or ignore media

active audiences -- sought out views that were consistent w/ their current beleifs
watchdog idea
media serves to sound alarms of enviro threats trumpting call for social change

false
enviro beat uncomfortable for news coverage
-cuts across all beats

-viewed as boring

-complex scientific

-'anti business'== leery about who to use as reliable source
incorporating enviro stories
hard to do

most assign ppl to do enviro as PART of duties (assigned to a business reporter / health reporter /etc)
--> DECISIONS about what stories to cover made at many different levels

*journalists influenced when newsworthy info presented
journalists influenced when newsworthy info presented to them from outside sources
often by ppl employed by large organizations

-- source instigated news dominates media content

primarily controlled by the entity SEEKING news coverage

-journalists depend heavily on routine channals (giving sources more control over their media porduct)
**passes along agency agendas**

-journalists save time / money by receiving info from sources
which info subsidies get selected
reputaion for quality info

prestige of organization

judments by media gatekeepers

community make how
enviro groups approaching media with info subsidies
at disadvantage:
-less powerful in the social system
news similarity
news is socially created product -- not reflection of objective reality

produced by ppl operating in cultural system
dominant cultural values and power / class arrangements
protected by media decisions

**choose what dominant culture considers most newsworthy*
objectivity
-every news selection involves choice made by individual

-choice of news sources

-choice of which frame to use

-choice of continuing attention to issue

**bias prevalent in reporting global warming debate where there's not one**
guarddog idea
journalists rely on others

--- they don't fundamentally challenge the dominant power structure
(they're an integrated part of it)

**news media is stability and conflict control**
-reluctant to support social change

**protect its owners**

even tho they may support ind actions to stop pollution - they don't fundamentally question capitalism / the dominant paradigm
Frome
beleives enviro journalists should embrace bias and become advocates
most likely aspect that makes item newsworthy -- most likly to be covered
imagery
FAMILIARITY - NOT BASIS FOR NEWSWORTHINESS
mhm.
moyers

penguins &politics of denial
**gov't / corporate elites turned against enviro activists

enviro community stumbled::
-- alarming rhetoric
-- polar ideology


**big companies fund assault on green values / policies

**did PBS story on pesticides -- companies found out flooded news with misinfo
--american cancer society sent critique that the documentary exaggerated dangers (public relations firm with chemical companies as clients did probono work for ACS)

**march of the penguins -- no reference to global warming -- when penguins need to go to thickest part of ice to reproduce
**director said wanted to reach mmany ppl as possible
--- since much public opinion insensitive of dangers he didn't want to go there
alexander

missing big story in enviro coverage
*enviro has become ideological issue pitting enviro-talists against republican administration
-enviro's now considered liberals

*attention to lomborg's book dismissing enviro concerns as overexaggerated
-main point is pop is still growing

-- shouldn't be any question that it is real
-- everyone agrees serious threat

-- only uncertainty on how bad it will be

media should give it the urgency it deserves
public sphere
influence created with people engage others in commmunication
(conversation argument debate)
about subjects of shared concern
(topics affecting wider community)
influence created by communication
public sphere


(private concern translated into public actoin)
communication's pragmatic role
educates / alerts / problem solving

-- disagree -- place an ad
communication's constitutive role
compose representations of nature

shaping our perspective

threatening or bountiful
the public sphere can decline
lose relevance as a sphere of influence

in a democracy to mediate among differing interests
silent spring public sphere
scientific / technical info in context of public

gave rise to sphere of influence
(bc technical concern translated into public interest)
public sphere is NOT
official forum for decision making

ideal collection of all citizens

rational / technical communication
major voices in teh public sphere
citizens

enviro groups

scientists

corporations


anti-enviro groups

media enviro journalism
four antagonisms
1. preservation/conservation VS exploitation

2. human health VS business

3. EJ vs vision of nature as apart from work/live/play

4. protection of global commons VS economic Globalization

recognition of ideological limits -- at which pt new voices challenge prevailing view of society
ex of rhetoric's pragmatic role
aka instrumental
full page ad from sierra club opposing dam plans -- mock photo of flooded dam
constitutive rhetoric
our language gets us to see certain things and not others
reflection/selection/deflection of reality

"dolphin safe tuna"
public becomes concerned as result of selective presentaion of terms / information / name of issues at hand
enviro terms have symbolic currency
potential power
libby montana documentary
rhetorically try to lay ground to carry about Libby
legitimacy and rhetoric
legitimacy depends on rhetorical process

-- must pursuade to earn legitimacy

ie linking a policy idea with certain values
culture?

central to understanding communication?
total of socially transmitted behavior patterns

-communication is socially created
-culture = similarity in news
-produces different accepted meanings (SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS)
-beleifs influenced by cultural norms - which influence communication

*diff cultures = diff social constructions
--- enviro comm is complex
social construction
acccepted meaning based on social interaction

the way we communicate nature - interpret others ideas - portray ours
meaning making important
influences publics idea of importance of issue
-tells ppl what to think about

-influences our perception and communication of nature
representation?

central to medias role in portraying issues?
the way meaning is given to images / ideas

media chooses how to depict an issue -- telling us what to think about
meaning making struggle for power
people struggle to communicate their ideas
--powerful ppl can have greater influence on media's framing

media relies on powerful people for official sources

follows lead of power structure - social control - guard dog
rhetoric?

why is communication about the enviro rhetorical?
discovering available means of persuasion

diversity of meaning about 'environmental'
--> different symbolic ways we understand the word
-->many available means of persuasion

attempts to influence society's perceptions
discourse?
comes into power by having legitimacy
death of environmentalism

critique of discourse?
protecting 'thing rather than worldview

think should be "ENVIRONMETNAL"

-focus on root caause

-narrow definition of self interest
(no alliances - don't concern with industry)

technical solutions

not unified
political / economic factors influencing media
-coverage affected by econ interest of owners
--advertisers

pressure to choose / not to choose certain sources (from owners)

-parties compete for framing of story

-sustain dominant discourse
pressures on journalism
avoid controversy

suport dominant discourse

info subsidies