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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
agenda setting
|
media's ability to affect perception of how important an issue is
telling them what to THINK ABOUT |
|
agora
|
public market where ppl gathered during day to sell productts and exchange ideas
ANCIENT GREECE |
|
collaboration
|
communication that invites stakeholders to engage in problem-solving discussion
(not advocacy and debate) |
|
constitutive
|
representations of nature are compoased as subjects for our understanding
(character of enviro communication) |
|
enviro communication
|
pragmatic / constitutive vehicle for understanding the enviro
the symbolic medium that we use to construct enviro prob's and influence responses to them |
|
montreael protocol
|
international treaty
US + 23 other nations phase out CFCs |
|
pragmatic
|
intrumental
educates / alerts/ persuades / helps us SOLVE ENVIRO PROBLEMS |
|
public sphere
|
influence created when ind. engage others in communitication
about subjects of shared concern / affecting a wider community |
|
rhetorical focus
|
study of the modes of persuation used to communication about the enviro
study of critical rhetorics (communication) that questions / challences the discursive framing of the nature-society relationship itself |
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sagebrush rebellion
|
late 70s & 80s
land users tried to take control of federal land / nat resources in west |
|
shannon-weaver
communication model |
linear model defining human communication as transmission of info
source--->receiver |
|
stakeholder
|
party most affected by a decision
|
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superfund
|
fed law authorizing the EPA to clean up toxic sites
& hold responsibles accountable for cost |
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symbolic action
|
language and other acts DO SOMETHING in addition to literally saying something
(even language with little emotion is persuasive) |
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wise use groups
|
groups that organize ind opposing restrictions of their use of their property
for purposes like protection of wetlands / habitat for endancgered species (aka property rights groups) |
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7 areas of enviro communication
|
1- enviro Rhetoric & Discourse
2- Media & enviro journalism 3- public participation in enviro decision making 4- advocacy campaigns 5- enviro collaboration / conflict resolution 6- risk communication 7- representations of nature in popular culture / green marketing |
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antagonism
|
recognizingi the limit of a widely shared idea
that ALLOWS OPPOSING IDEA to be voiced |
|
apocalyptic narrative
|
literary style used by some enviro writers
warns of impeding ecological crisis envokes sense of end of the world resulting from our desire to control nature |
|
common sense
|
what people assume to be views of "everybody" -
-whats generally agreed to be true **source of legitimacy |
|
conservation
|
early 20th C PINCHOT
wise / efficient use of resources |
|
direct action
|
physical acts of protest (road blockades / tree spiking)
|
|
discourse
|
pattern of symbolic action (speaking writing etc)
resulting from multiple sources -- a discourse circulates a set of meanings about an issue |
|
dominant discourse
|
discourse thats gained broad / TaKEN FOR GRANTED status
ie growth = good for economy help legitimize certain policies |
|
dominant social paradigm
|
dominant discourse tradition of centuries
that has sustained attitudes of HUMAN DOMINACE OVER NATURE affirms societies beleif that econ growth is good and faith in technology / limited gov't/ private property |
|
earth summit
|
1992 United Nations conferences
on Enviro and development in Rio de Janeiro , BRAZIL |
|
Insurgent discourse
|
mode of representation challenging taken for granted assumptions
offers alternatives to prevailing discourses |
|
legitimacy
|
right to excercise authority
|
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nat'l enviro policy act
|
requres fed agencies to prepare an enviro impact statement
NIXON 1970 **modern enviro law!!!!*** |
|
new enviro Paradigm
|
insurgent discourse becoming more popular
after earth day 1970 emphasizes values of limits to growth / balance of nature |
|
preservation
|
ban commercial use of wilderness areas
preserve! |
|
principles of EJ
|
16 principles adoped at 1st National PPl of Color Enviro Leadership Summit
1991 rights such as right to politcal / enviro self determination of all people |
|
public interest
|
symbolic mark of legitimacy for action taken in name of nation
|
|
rhetoric
|
power to discover available means of persuasion
|
|
rhetorical perspective
|
focus on purposeful / consequential efforts to influence attitudes thru communication
(public debate / protests / news / advertising)*ie symbolic action* |
|
rio declaration
|
document adopted at earth summit that reaffirmed earlier declaration to work toward international agreement with respect to interests of the global enviro
|
|
sublime
|
aesthetic category
associates god's influece with feelings of awe in wilderness |
|
sublime response
|
denotes the awareness of a sublime object
sense of personal insignificance / awe feeling of spiritual exaltation |
|
symbolic legitimacy boundaries
|
symbolic associations that ppl have to a policy / person
boundaries that define a particular idea as acceptable |
|
terministic screens
|
language orients us to see some aspects of the world and not others
*a reflection of reality is a selection of reality and a deflection of reality |
|
transcendentalism
|
beleif that correspondence between higher spiritual truth and lower material objects (nature)
|
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tree spiking
|
driving spikes into trees to discourage cutting trees in area schedualed to be logged
|
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utilitarianism
|
greatest good for the greatest number
|
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visual rhetoric
|
capability of images / representations to influence attitudes toward the enviro
|
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agenda setting
|
effect of media on perception of the importance of an issue
news reporting is successful in telling ppl what to think ABOUT |
|
alternative media
|
sources challenging mainstream media's control of info
internet news / blogs / independent journalists / enviro groups |
|
alternative public sphere
|
space w/i society which enviro groups articulate for themselves
their own discourse can be privilaged |
|
anthropocentric resourcist ideology
|
view of nature to justify human dominance over nature
|
|
community structure studies
|
characteristics of communities are directly linked to content of reporting on issues that appear in local newspapers
|
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cultivation analysis
|
repeated exposure to set of messages tends to produce agreement
|
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cultivation in reverse
|
cultivation of anti-enviro attitude thru persistent lack of enviro images
or by directing attention to non-enviro issues |
|
direct transmission model
|
early model
media = direct transmission of info from sender to receiver **ppl highly susceptible to manipulation **AKA HYPODERMIC MODEL (media is a syringe injecting ppl) |
|
frames
|
patterns of interpretaion that ppl use to organize their understanding of reality
|
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gatekeeping
|
editors and media managers decide what to cover / not to cover
individuals in newsrooms decide what gets in / what stays out |
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image events
|
actions by environmentalists taking advantage of tv's hungar for pics
reducing complex set of issues to sisual symbols breaking ppl's comfort |
|
issue-attention cycle
|
natural decline of public's concern with enviro prob's
publics attention goes thru states *lack of awareness*--->*active engagement*--->*disinterest* |
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mainstreaming
|
differences in media are narrowed toward cultural norms
|
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mainstream meadia
|
major tv / cable news / entertainment / films / newspapers / magazines / advertizing / radio / talkshow
carry news and info about the enviro |
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media effects
|
different media CONTENT
FREQUENCY FORMS of communication influencing attitudes |
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media frames
|
organizing themes connecting different elements of news story innto coherent whole
suggesting what is at issue |
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media political economy
|
influence of ownership& economic interest on news conetent
|
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narrative framing
|
media's organization of phenomenon thru stories to help ppl's understanding
|
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news hole
|
amt of space available for news story relative to other demands for that space
|
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newsworthiness
|
ability of stories to attract readers
often defined as PROMINANCE TIMELINESS PROXIMITY IMPACT MAGNITUDE CONLICT ODDITY EMOTIONAL IMPACT |
|
objectivity advocacy debate
|
debate between defenders of objectivity in news and people wanting right to evaluate competing arguments in controversies
some belevie media have duty to educate /provide answers |
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objectivity and balance
|
norms of journalism for ~ century
commmitment by media to provide info thats accurate and w/o bias when controversy: balance both sides of issue |
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symbolic annihilation
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media's erase of the importance of a theme by passive de-emphasis
|
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symbolic domestication
|
rhetorical construction of nature by the media as something to tame
and also in need of human care |
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unobtrusive events
|
events remote from personal experience
invisibility / delayed effects that ind's rarely noticce in their lives (ie contamination by toxins) |
|
enviro news sources tend to feature stories that are ::
|
1- Event Centered (ie oil spill)
2- strong Visuals 3- tied into a 24-hr daily cycle |
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"environmental ideology"
|
fully formed environmental beleif system
|
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person's beleifs about the enviro are based on
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-individual experience
-shared cultural beleifs / values -social influences |
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non-hierarchical view of the enviro
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ecocentric
-- no species takes precedence over any other |
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when did the enviro movement begin in the US
|
1970
|
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transcendentalism
|
19th century philosophy
value and appreciate nature |
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muir preserve
|
yosemite valley
|
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national enviro policy act
clean air act clean water act |
NIXON
|
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enviro justice
|
basic right of all people to be free of poisons / hazards
|
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environmental ideology
|
a way of thinking about nature that a person uses to justify actions toward it
a fully formed beleif system formed by: 1-childhood experience 2- sense of place 3- historical context |
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anthropocentric
ideology |
human centered
superior dominant natural world is HIERARCHAL humans on top apart **most american ideologies* |
|
ecocentric ideology
|
represented by a circle
NONHIERARCHICAL interdependent relationships of life no single species rules HETERARCHY! all equally valuable |
|
dominent paradigm in american culture
|
mostly human centered
even tho enviro friendly ideologies |
|
instrumentalism
ideology |
humans are most important / dominant
resources exist for unlimited use decisions should be made for immediate human desires / wants **most anthro* |
|
conservation
ideology |
less anthro than instrumentalism - more so than preservationism
*recognizes some restraints on use of resources using resources wisely PINCHOT - ROOSEVELT non-human have only utilitarian values decribes much of 100+ yrs history of enviro social movement *reformist ideology* - conservative EX SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
|
sustainable development ex of
|
conservation
ideology |
|
preservation ideology
|
only short distance from conservation
conserve resources for humans to use in present and future -- but beleif in preserving beyond their instrumental value (ie economic / utilitarian value) "value" = scientific / ecological / aesthetic / religious |
|
ethics / value driven
ideologies |
non-human entities have value beyond utilitarian / scientific / aesthetic /religious worth
possess intrinsic value / inherent worth (valuable regardless of benefits to humans) moral dimension: humans have duty to nonhumans - they have the right to exist *still relies on existing institutions / social systems -more reformist than radical TYPES: animal rights land-based |
|
animal rights
(ethics ideology) |
most concerned with animal-human relationship
assumes that value of community is beings within it -- not the entire ecosystem of living / non-living |
|
land-based
(ethics ideology) |
leopold
moves beyond limitations of sentience (only possessed by living things) attributed value to ENTIRE ECOSYSTEM humans = non-essential to functioning world |
|
transformative
ideology |
hope for transformation in people relation to earth
question DOMINANT ENVIRO IDEOLOGIES call for extensive social change -instrumentalism/conservationism/preservationism all helf responsible for current eco-crisis claim reformist enviromentalism is inadequate radical - exploring root of human relationship to natural world |
|
ecological sensibility
(transformative ideology) |
recognizes importance of relationships / individuales
moves beyond land-ethic -- integrating values importance of relationships in addition to individuals value characteristics given to natural systems (diveristy / complexity / stability ) |
|
deep ecology
(transformative ideology) |
desire to transform human interaction with the natural world from anthro->eco
recognize all life posssess intrinsic value independent of humans (opposing "shallow ecology" of conser/preservation emerged 60s 70s radical groups split - need to drastically shift relationship with natural world EARTH FIRST! DIRECT ACTION **biocentric equality**(intrinsic for all) **self realization** (not seeking enjoyment - see yourslef as a larger whole) -- similar to eastern philosophy (buddism / taoism) con - misanthropic -- support for population control |
|
social ecology
(transformative ideology) |
2 forms recognizing role of power in enviro relationships
1-eco-marxism (emphasizes contradiction of capitalism{{increasing production - limited resources}}}) -cost of production don't include impact costs 2- doesn't critique capitalism but points to hierarchy as source of eco-crisis -solution = transform social system -- end to hierachry leading to non-hierarchal egalitarian relationship (social justice) |
|
ecofeminism
(transformative ideology) |
oppression of women and non-human nature are connected
anthro is primary factor in both social change regarding the enviro and power / domination HETERARCHY |
|
native american ideologies
(transformative ideology) |
nature is hierophanic -- source of spiritual revelation
sacred god identifiable with nature |
|
eastern tradition
(transformative ideology) |
most aggreesive of their own and others enviros
humans integral dependent entity |
|
spectrum of ideologies
|
ANTHRO
--instrumentalism ---conservationism ----preservationism ---- ethics / value driven ------ transformative ECOCENTRIC |
|
difference between transformative and ethics based ideologies
|
ethics -- not identifing root cause -- attempting to radically change the human dominated hierarchy
-transformative does |
|
reality
|
news is a version of social reality
includes some facts ignores some presents one frame of reality -- ignores another |
|
hypodermic needle
|
aka magic bullet
media extremely powerful -- zap propaganda into audience |
|
after hypodermic needle
|
realized audience could evaluate or ignore media
active audiences -- sought out views that were consistent w/ their current beleifs |
|
watchdog idea
|
media serves to sound alarms of enviro threats trumpting call for social change
false |
|
enviro beat uncomfortable for news coverage
|
-cuts across all beats
-viewed as boring -complex scientific -'anti business'== leery about who to use as reliable source |
|
incorporating enviro stories
|
hard to do
most assign ppl to do enviro as PART of duties (assigned to a business reporter / health reporter /etc) --> DECISIONS about what stories to cover made at many different levels *journalists influenced when newsworthy info presented |
|
journalists influenced when newsworthy info presented to them from outside sources
|
often by ppl employed by large organizations
-- source instigated news dominates media content primarily controlled by the entity SEEKING news coverage -journalists depend heavily on routine channals (giving sources more control over their media porduct) **passes along agency agendas** -journalists save time / money by receiving info from sources |
|
which info subsidies get selected
|
reputaion for quality info
prestige of organization judments by media gatekeepers community make how |
|
enviro groups approaching media with info subsidies
|
at disadvantage:
-less powerful in the social system |
|
news similarity
|
news is socially created product -- not reflection of objective reality
produced by ppl operating in cultural system |
|
dominant cultural values and power / class arrangements
|
protected by media decisions
**choose what dominant culture considers most newsworthy* |
|
objectivity
|
-every news selection involves choice made by individual
-choice of news sources -choice of which frame to use -choice of continuing attention to issue **bias prevalent in reporting global warming debate where there's not one** |
|
guarddog idea
|
journalists rely on others
--- they don't fundamentally challenge the dominant power structure (they're an integrated part of it) **news media is stability and conflict control** -reluctant to support social change **protect its owners** even tho they may support ind actions to stop pollution - they don't fundamentally question capitalism / the dominant paradigm |
|
Frome
|
beleives enviro journalists should embrace bias and become advocates
|
|
most likely aspect that makes item newsworthy -- most likly to be covered
|
imagery
|
|
FAMILIARITY - NOT BASIS FOR NEWSWORTHINESS
|
mhm.
|
|
moyers
penguins &politics of denial |
**gov't / corporate elites turned against enviro activists
enviro community stumbled:: -- alarming rhetoric -- polar ideology **big companies fund assault on green values / policies **did PBS story on pesticides -- companies found out flooded news with misinfo --american cancer society sent critique that the documentary exaggerated dangers (public relations firm with chemical companies as clients did probono work for ACS) **march of the penguins -- no reference to global warming -- when penguins need to go to thickest part of ice to reproduce **director said wanted to reach mmany ppl as possible --- since much public opinion insensitive of dangers he didn't want to go there |
|
alexander
missing big story in enviro coverage |
*enviro has become ideological issue pitting enviro-talists against republican administration
-enviro's now considered liberals *attention to lomborg's book dismissing enviro concerns as overexaggerated -main point is pop is still growing -- shouldn't be any question that it is real -- everyone agrees serious threat -- only uncertainty on how bad it will be media should give it the urgency it deserves |
|
public sphere
|
influence created with people engage others in commmunication
(conversation argument debate) about subjects of shared concern (topics affecting wider community) |
|
influence created by communication
|
public sphere
(private concern translated into public actoin) |
|
communication's pragmatic role
|
educates / alerts / problem solving
-- disagree -- place an ad |
|
communication's constitutive role
|
compose representations of nature
shaping our perspective threatening or bountiful |
|
the public sphere can decline
|
lose relevance as a sphere of influence
in a democracy to mediate among differing interests |
|
silent spring public sphere
|
scientific / technical info in context of public
gave rise to sphere of influence (bc technical concern translated into public interest) |
|
public sphere is NOT
|
official forum for decision making
ideal collection of all citizens rational / technical communication |
|
major voices in teh public sphere
|
citizens
enviro groups scientists corporations anti-enviro groups media enviro journalism |
|
four antagonisms
|
1. preservation/conservation VS exploitation
2. human health VS business 3. EJ vs vision of nature as apart from work/live/play 4. protection of global commons VS economic Globalization recognition of ideological limits -- at which pt new voices challenge prevailing view of society |
|
ex of rhetoric's pragmatic role
aka instrumental |
full page ad from sierra club opposing dam plans -- mock photo of flooded dam
|
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constitutive rhetoric
|
our language gets us to see certain things and not others
reflection/selection/deflection of reality "dolphin safe tuna" public becomes concerned as result of selective presentaion of terms / information / name of issues at hand |
|
enviro terms have symbolic currency
|
potential power
|
|
libby montana documentary
|
rhetorically try to lay ground to carry about Libby
|
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legitimacy and rhetoric
|
legitimacy depends on rhetorical process
-- must pursuade to earn legitimacy ie linking a policy idea with certain values |
|
culture?
central to understanding communication? |
total of socially transmitted behavior patterns
-communication is socially created -culture = similarity in news -produces different accepted meanings (SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS) -beleifs influenced by cultural norms - which influence communication *diff cultures = diff social constructions --- enviro comm is complex |
|
social construction
|
acccepted meaning based on social interaction
the way we communicate nature - interpret others ideas - portray ours |
|
meaning making important
|
influences publics idea of importance of issue
-tells ppl what to think about -influences our perception and communication of nature |
|
representation?
central to medias role in portraying issues? |
the way meaning is given to images / ideas
media chooses how to depict an issue -- telling us what to think about |
|
meaning making struggle for power
|
people struggle to communicate their ideas
--powerful ppl can have greater influence on media's framing media relies on powerful people for official sources follows lead of power structure - social control - guard dog |
|
rhetoric?
why is communication about the enviro rhetorical? |
discovering available means of persuasion
diversity of meaning about 'environmental' --> different symbolic ways we understand the word -->many available means of persuasion attempts to influence society's perceptions |
|
discourse?
|
comes into power by having legitimacy
|
|
death of environmentalism
critique of discourse? |
protecting 'thing rather than worldview
think should be "ENVIRONMETNAL" -focus on root caause -narrow definition of self interest (no alliances - don't concern with industry) technical solutions not unified |
|
political / economic factors influencing media
|
-coverage affected by econ interest of owners
--advertisers pressure to choose / not to choose certain sources (from owners) -parties compete for framing of story -sustain dominant discourse |
|
pressures on journalism
|
avoid controversy
suport dominant discourse info subsidies |