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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Which gene is involved in patterning along the anterior-posterior (head to foot) axis & mediates ectodermal functions?
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Sonic hedgehog
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Which gene is produced at the apical ectodermal ridge and necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis (front/back)?
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Wnt-7 gene
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Which gene is produced at the apical ectodermal ridge and stimulates underlying mesoderm, allowing for lengthening of limbs?
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FGF gene (think achondroplasia here)
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Which genes code for DNA-binding transcription factors that are involved in the organization of the embryo in a cranial/caudal (head/foot)?
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Homebox genes
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When does this event occur in embryogenesis?
hCG secretion begins after implantation of blastocyst |
Week 1
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When does this event occur in embryogenesis?
Bilaminar disk |
Week 2 (Rule of twos- two germ layers).
What are the names of the two germ layers? |
epiblast, hypoblast
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When does this event occur in embryogenesis?
Gastrulation, primitive streak, notochord and neural plate begin to form |
Week 3 (rule of threes for week 3- 3 germ layers)
What are the three germ layers? |
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
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When does this event occur in embryogenesis?
Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes |
Week 4
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When does this event occur in embryogenesis?
Heart begins to beat, upper and lower limbs form |
Week 4 (Rule of 4s- 4 heart chambers, 4 limb buds)
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The alar plate is (dorsal/ventral) and will become what part of the spinal cord?
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Alar plate is dorsal
Will become the dorsal horns (sensory) |
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The basal plate is (dorsal/ventral) and will become what part of the spinal cord?
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Basal plate is ventral
Will become the ventral horns *Can think basal = "bottom" because in the pics it's drawn on the bottom (baby is stomach-down) |
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From which emryologic tissue does this body part come?
Adenohypophysis (Rathke's pouch) |
Surface ectoderm
What does the adenohypophysis turn into? |
The anterior pituitary
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From which emryologic tissue does this body part come?
lens of the eye |
Surface ectoderm
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From which emryologic tissue does this body part come?
Epithelial linings of oral cavity |
Surface ectoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Sensory organs of ear |
Surface ectoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
olfactory epithelium |
Surface ectoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
epidermis |
Surface ectoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
salivary, sweat & mammary glands |
Surface ectoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Brain (inc. neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells) |
Neuroectoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Pineal gland |
Neuroectoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Retina |
Neuroectoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Spinal cord |
Neuroectoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
ANS |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Dorsal root ganglia |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
cranial nerves |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
celiac ganglion |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
melanocytes |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla (make catecholamines) |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
parafollicular cells of the thyroid (make calcitonin) |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Schwann cells |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Pia and arachnoid |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Bones of the skull |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Odontoblasts (teeth) |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Aorticopulmonary septum |
Neural crest
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Gut tube epithelium |
Endoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Lungs |
Endoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Liver |
Endoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Pancreas |
Endoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Thymus |
Endoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Thymus |
Endoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Parathyroid |
Endoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Thyroid follicular cells |
Endoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Muscle |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Bone |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
connective tissue |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Serous linings of body cavities (peritoneum) |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Spleen |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Cardiovascular structures |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Lymphatics |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Blood |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Bladder |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Urethra |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Vagina |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Eustachian tube |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Kidneys |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Kidneys |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Adrenal cortex |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Skin dermis |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Testes |
Mesoderm
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From which embryologic tissue does this body part come?
Ovaries |
Mesoderm
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What is the job of the notochord and what does it become?
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job- induces the ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (aka the neural plate)
becomes- the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk |
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What is the difference between organ agenesis and aplasia?
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agenesis- organ isn't there and neither is promordial tissue
aplasia- organ isn't there but primordial tissue is aPlasia - has Primordial tissue |
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
Renal damage |
ACE inhibitors
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
Absence of digits/multiple anomalies |
Anti-convulsants/x-rays/alkylating agents
The absence of digits is particular for alkylating agents |
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
CN VIII toxicity |
Aminoglycosides
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
Vaginal clear cell carcinoma |
Diethylstilbestrol
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
Neural tube defects |
Folate antagonists (methotrexate)
Inhibitors of folate absorption (valproate, carbamazepine) |
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
Gongenital goiter/hypothyroidism |
Iodide (lack or excess)
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
Ebstein's anomaly |
Lithium
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
Caudal regression syndrome (not commonly) |
Maternal diabetes
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
Preterm labor, placental problems, IUGR, ADHD |
Smoking/nicotine
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Name the toxin that causes discolored teeth
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Tetracyclines
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
high risk for birth defects and spontaneous abortions |
Vitamin A
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Name the toxin that causes this birth defect:
Bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion |
Warfarin
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What are the chorion and the amnion?
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Chorion becomes placenta, amnion is the sac the fetus resides in
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If embryo divides before ___ days, it will be dichorionic, diamniotic.
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3
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If embryo divides before ___ days, it will be monochorionic, diamniotic.
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8
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If embryo divides after ___ days, it will be monochorionic, monoamniotic and have risk of being conjoined.
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8
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What makes up the fetal layer of the placenta?
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Cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast
Which is outer, which is inner? |
Cyto is inner, syncytio is outer
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Which part of the placenta secretes hCG?
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The syncytiotrophoblast
Think "Syncytiotrophoblast Secretes" |
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Meckel's diverticulum results from failure of closure of the ...
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Vitelline duct (aka omphalomesenteric duct)
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When does obliteration of the vitelline duct occur?
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7th week
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Given the part of the heart, say what primitive structure it derives from:
Ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk |
Truncus arteriosus
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Given the part of the heart, say what primitive structure it derives from:
Smooth parts of L & R ventricle |
Bulbus cordis
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Given the part of the heart, say what primitive structure it derives from:
Trabeculated parts of R & L ventricle |
primitive ventricle
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Given the part of the heart, say what primitive structure it derives from:
Trabeculated parts of R and L atrium |
primitive atrium
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Given the part of the heart, say what primitive structure it derives from:
smooth part of R atrium |
rt. side of sinus venosus
Note that both have "right" in the name, whereas the left side of the sinus venosus becomes the coronary sinus |
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Given the part of the heart, say what primitive structure it derives from:
coronary sinus |
left side of sinus venosus
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Given the part of the heart, say what primitive structure it derives from:
SVC |
rt common cardinal and rt anterior cardinal vein.
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What's the only part of the heart made from neural crest cells?
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The aorticopulmonary septum
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What two things eventually fuse together to make the interventricular septum?
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The muscular ventricular septum + the AP septum
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What two things eventually fuse together to make the interatrial septum?
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The superior part of the septum secundum + the inferior part of the septum primum (the valve)
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Name the order of locations of fetal hematopoiesis and the weeks when each one occurs.
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Yolk sac- 3-8 weeks
Liver- 6-30 weeks Spleen- 9-28 weeks Bone marrow- 28 weeks + |
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Draw out fetal circulation
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see p. 125 in FA.
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What vessels are found in the umbilical cord?
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two arteries (take deox blood back to mom), one vein (takes ox blood to baby).
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What is a single umbilical artery associated with?
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Congenital/chromosomal abnormalities
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What is the name of the shunt from umbilical vein to IVC?
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Ductus venosus
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What does the ductus venosus become in an adult?
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Ligamentum venosum
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What does the umbilical vein become in an adult?
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Ligamentum teres
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What do the umbilical arteries become in an adult?
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The medial umbilical ligaments
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What blood vessels are the umbilical arteries branches off of?
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The internal iliac arteries
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What are the drugs that close PDA? Keep it open?
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Indomethacin (anti-prostaglandin) helps close it, Prostalandins keep it open.
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Name the two parts of the prosencephalon
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Telencephalon, diencephalon
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Name the two parts of rhomencephalon
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metencephalon, myelencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure originate from:
cerebral hemispheres |
telencephalon (prosencephalon)
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
basal ganglia |
Telencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Hippocampus |
Telencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Amygdala |
Telencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Thalamus |
Diencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Hypothalamus |
Diencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
optic n. and tracts |
Diencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Midbrain |
Mesencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Pons |
Metencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Cerebellum |
Metencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Medulla |
Myelencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Lateral ventricles |
Telencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
3rd ventricle |
Diencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
Aqueduct |
Mesencephalon
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Which part of the developing brain did this structure develop from:
4th ventricle |
Metencephalon
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What two things would you see in CSF in a neural tube defect?
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Elevated AFP and actylcholinesterase
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Why do you see polyhydramnios in anencephaly?
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No swallowing center in brain (bc babdy doesn't have brain)
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What gene is associated with holoprosencephaly?
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Sonic hedgehog
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Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramun magnum, with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly + syringomyeleia (fluid in spinal cord), and thoracolumbar myelomeningocele. Dx?
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Arnold Chiari II malformation
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Large posterior fossa, absent cerebellar vermis, cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle. Can lead to hydrocephalus and spina bifida. Dx?
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Dandy Walker
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"cape-like" bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch. Dx?
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Syringeomyelia
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What is most likely to be damaged in syringomyelia?
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The crossing fibers of the spinothalamic tract.
(Remember, spinothalamic carries pain and temp. and decussates in the spinal cord) |
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Which congenital malformation is associated with syringomyelia?
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Arnold Chiari type II malformation
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At what vertebral level is syringomyelia most common?
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C8-T1
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Which aortic arch forms the maxillary artery?
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1
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Which aortic arch forms the stapedial artery and hyoid artery?
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2
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Which aortic arch forms the common carotid and proximal part of the internal carotid?
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3rd
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Which aortic arch forms the aortic arch (right) and proximal part of subclavian artery (left)?
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4th
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Which aortic arch forms the proximal part of the pulmonary arteries and the ductus arteriosus (on left)?
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6th
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What is the germ cell layer of the branchial clefts, arches, and pouches?
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Clefts- ectoderm
Arches- mesoderm Pouches- endoderm |
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What does the first branchial cleft develop into?
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The external auditory meatus
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What does the second-fourth branchial cleft form?
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temporary cervical sinuses.
What if they persisit? |
Branchial cleft cyst
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What part of neck is branchial cleft cyst found in?
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Lateral neck
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What are the derivatives of branchial arch 1 that don't start with M or have an M in them?
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incus, later pterygoids, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2/3 of tongue (inc. sensation), CNV2 and 3
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Mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities. What is the syndrome and what causes it?
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Treacher Collins, failure of 1st arch neural crest cells to migrate
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What are the derivatives of the second branchial arch that don't start with S?
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lesser horn of hyoid, muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric muscle, CN VII
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What are the derivatives of the 3rd branchial arch?
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greater horn of the hyoid, stylopharyngeous muscle, CN IX (stylopharyngeus)
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What are cartilage derivatives of cranial nerves 4-6?
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throid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
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What are the muscle and nerve derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal arch?
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most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid muscle (larynx), levator veli palatini
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What are the muscle and nerve derivatives of the 6th pharyngeal arch?
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all instrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid, CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch)
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Branchial arches 3 & 4 form which part of the tongue?
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The posterior 1/3
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Which branchial pouch forms the middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, and mastoid air cells?
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Pouch #1
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Which branchial pouch forms the inferior parathyroids?
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Pouch #3
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Which branchial pouch forms the epithelial lining of the palatine tonsil?
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Pouch #2
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Which branchial pouch forms the thymus?
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Pouch #3
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Which branchial pouch forms the superior parathyroids?
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Pouch #4
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What is DiGeorge syndrome caused by?
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Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches --> thymic aplasia and parathyroid aplasia
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What cancers characterize MEN2A?
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Pheochromocytoma (neural crest)
Parathyroid tumor (endoderm) Parafollicular thyroid (medullary tumor of thyroid) - (neural crest) |
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Describe the motor innervation of the tongue.
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The whole thing is innervated by cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)
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Describe the sensory (pain) innervation of the tongue.
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The anterior 2/3 - CN V(3)
The posterior 1/3 (mostly CN IX, far back is CN X) |
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Describe the sensory (taste) innervation of the tongue.
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The anterior 1/3 - CN VII
The posterior 1/3 - mostly CN IX, far back is CN X |
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What is the name for the normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct?
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Foramen cecum
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How would you tell a thyroglossal duct cyst from a branchial cleft cyst?
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Thyroglossal duct cyst is midline and will move with swallowing, branchial cleft cyst is lateral
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Cleft lip is the failure of fusion of?
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Maxillary and medial nasal processes
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Cleft palate is the failure of fusion of (3)?
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Either:
Lateral palatine processes with each other, Lateral palatine processes with nasal septum, or lateral palatine processes with the median palatine process |
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What's the difference between nasal processes and nasal septum?
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Nasal processes are involved in cleft lip, nasal septum is involved in cleft palate.
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How is the foregut defined?
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pharynx - duodenum
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How is the midgut defined?
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duodenum to transverse colon (first 2/3)
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How is the hindgut defined?
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distal transverse colon - rectum
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Rostral fold closure (GI) defects lead to ?
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Sternal defects
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Lateral fold closure defects (GI) can lead to?
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omphalocele or gastroschisis.
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What's the difference between omphalocele and gastroschisis?
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Gastroschisis- there's no peritoneum covering, omphalocele- it's covered in peritoneum
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Caudal fold closure (GI) failure can lead to?
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Bladder exstrophy (bladder exposed to outer world)
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What GI defect is trisomy 21 associated with?
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Duodenal atresia
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What are jejunal, ileal, and colonic atresia due to?
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Vascular accident
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In what week does the midgut herniate out through the umbilical ring?
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6
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In what week does the midgut return to the umbilical cavity & rotate around SMA?
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10th
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What's the most common form of tracheoesophageal fistula?
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Blind upper esophagus connected to trachea
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What are the symptoms of tracheoesophageal fistula?
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Cyanosis (food in trachea), choking, and vomiting with feeding, air bubble in stomach on CXR, polyhydramnios (baby can't swallow amniotic fluid), pneumonitis
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Baby has palpable "olive" mass in the epigastric region and nonbilious projectile vomiting at around 2 weeks of age. Dx?
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pyloric stenosis. WILL be vomiting acid so you'll see alkalosis, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia
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Pancreas is derived from what part of the gut?
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Foregut
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Which parts of the pancreas come only from the ventral bud?
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Uncinate process
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Which parts of the pancreas come from the dorsal + ventral buds?
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pancreatic head and main pancreatic duct
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Which parts of the pancreas come from the dorsal pancreatic bud?
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body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct
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What embryonic tissue layer does the spleen arise from and what artery supplies it?
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Mesoderm, supplied by celiac artery (which is a gut artery so that's kind of unusual)
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What's the embryonic kidney that appears first and what happens to it?
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Pronephros, stays until week 4 and then degenerates
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What's the embryonic kidney that appears second and what happens to it?
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Mesonephros, acts as the kidney during the first trimester and then contributes to the male genital system
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What's the permamanent embryonic kidney and when does it arise?
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Metanephros, first appears during 5th week of gestation
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What is the ureteric bud derived from and what does it give rise to?
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Derived from the caudal end of the mesonephros (the second kidney structure); gives rise to the ureter, pelvises, calyces, and collecting ducts
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What parts of the kidney derive from the metanephric mesenchyme?
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The glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convuluted tubule
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What section of the kidney is the last to canalize and most common site of obstruction in the fetus?
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The ureteropelvic junction
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Baby has bilateral renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, limb deformities, facial deformities, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Diagnosis and cause?
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Diagnosis- Potter's syndrome
Cause- malformation of ureteric bud |
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What artery does a horseshoe kidney get trapped under?
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inferior mesenteric
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Is female or male reproductive development the default?
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female
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In female reproductive development, which duct degenerates and which develops?
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paramesonephric duct develops, mesonephric duct degenerates
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In male reproductive development, what does the SRY gene do?
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Produces tests-determining factor --> testes development
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In male reproductive development, what do the Sertoli cells do?
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Release mullerian inhibitory factor and suppress the develpment of the paramesonephric ducts
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In male reproductive development, what do the Leydig cells do?
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release androgens and stimulate the development of the mesonephric ducts
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What structures does the mesonephric duct (in males) develop into?
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Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens (SEED)
*not prostate |
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What structures does the paramesonephric duct develop into (in women)?
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fallopian tube, uterus, upper 1/3 of vagina.
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What is the embryological origin of the lower 2/3 of the vagina?
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The urogenital sinus
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What does bicornuate uterus result from?
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Incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts.
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Name the male & female (adult) derivative(s) of this structure:
Genital tubercle |
Male- glans penis, corpus cavernosum and spongiosum
Female- glans clitoris, vestibular bulbs |
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Name the male & female (adult) derivative(s) of this structure:
urogenital sinus |
Male- bulbourethral glands (of Cowper), Prostate gland
Female- greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin), Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene) |
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Name the male & female (adult) derivative of this structure:
Urogenital folds |
Male- ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)
Female- labia minora |
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Name the male & female (adult) derivative of this structure:
Labiosacral swelling |
Male- scrotum
Female- labia majora |
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Name two differences between hypospadias and epispadias.
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1) Hypospadias- hole is inferior, epispadias- hole is superior (dorsal)
2) Hypospadias is due to failure of urethral folds to close, epispadias is due to faulty positioning of the genital tubercle |
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Is epi or hypo spadias more common?
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hypo
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What pathology of the bladder is associated with epispadias?
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Exstrophy of the bladder (bladder exposed to outside world)
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Name the male and female remnant:
Gubernaculum |
Male- anchors testes within scrotum
Female- orvarian ligament and round ligament of uterus |
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Name the male and female remnant:
Processus vaginalis (evagination of peritoneum) |
Male- forms tunica vaginalis
Female- obliterated |
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