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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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percentage of congenital anomalies |
3% |
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Congenital anomalies account for ___% of infant deaths |
25% of deaths - the leading factor in infant mortality |
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Congenital anomalies are the ____ factor of death before the age of 65 |
5th |
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What causes birth defects? |
1. Genetic factors→ 30% 2. Environmental factors →15% 3. Multifactorial →55% |
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Minor anomalies affect ___% of newborns |
15% |
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In children with 1 minor anomaly, the probability that they’ll have a major anomaly rises____% |
4% |
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In children with 2 minor anomalies, the probability that they'll have a major anomaly rises___% |
10% |
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In children with 3 or more minor anomalies, the probability that they'll have a major anomaly rises___% |
20% |
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Types of anomalies |
Malformation Disruption Deformation Syndrome Association |
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TalipesEquinovarus |
Clubfeet (an example of deformation) |
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VACTERL association |
(vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, and limb anomalies) |
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VATER association |
Vertebral abnormalities Anal atresia Trachoesophageal fistula Esophageal atresia Renal aplasia |
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Characteristic features of a child with FAS include |
an indistinct philtrum, thin upper lip, depressed nasal bridge, short nose, and flat forehead |
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The prechordal part of the chondrocranium comes from____ and forms____ |
neural crest cells greater wing of the sphenoid ethmoid |
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The cordal part of the chondrocranium comes from____ and forms_____ |
somites base of the occipital bone petrous bone body of sphenoid |
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Ant fontanelle is found where _____ |
the two parietal and two frontal bones meet. |
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Post fontanelle is found where_____ |
the two parietal and occipital bones meet. |
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anterolateral fontanelle is also called |
(sphenoidal) |
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Posterolateral fontanelle is also called |
(mastoid) |
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Right after birth, the anterior fontanelle is_____ . |
3 fingers wide |
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After 6 months, the anterior fontanelle is ______ |
two fingers wide. |
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After a year, the anterior fontanelle is _____ |
one finger wide. |
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When does the anterior fontanelle fully close? |
After a year and a half |
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When does the posterior fontanelle close? |
at 6 months |
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When do the anterolateral and anteroposterior fontanelles close? |
after 1-3 months |
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What are the first completely ossified bones in the human body? |
malleus, incus and stapes (ossicles) |
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What will the Meckel cartilage form eventually |
sphenopalatine ligament |
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When do the ossicles ossify |
in the 4th month |
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What forms the ossicles? |
the dorsal end of the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches |
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Herniation of the meninges |
meningiocele |
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herniation of the meninges and brain tissue |
meningioencephalocele |
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Premature closure of one or more sutures |
• Craniosynostosis |
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Scaphocephaly |
the sagittal suture is closed prematurely→ ant-post growth |
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Bradycephaly |
the coronal suture is closed prematurely→ upwards growth |
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Plagiocephaly |
the coronal suture is closed (on one side) prematurely→ asymmetrical growth |
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Excessive secretions of growth hormones from the pituitary gland causes____ |
congenital acromegaly and gigantism |
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Brain fails to grow and, as a result the skull doesn't expand |
microcephaly |
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What structures contribute to the formation of the vertebrae? |
the upper and lower halves of two successive sclerotomes and the intersegmental tissue. |
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What structures contribute to the formation of the IV disks? |
Nucleus pulposus→ notochord remnants Annulus fibrosus→Mesenchymal cells between cephalic and caudal parts of the original sclerotome segment |
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Results of vertebral resegmentation |
elongation of the vertebral column formation of vertebrae formation of IV disks |
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increased convexity of the thoracic region |
kyphosis |
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increased concavity of the lumbar region |
lordosis |
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herniation of meninges from the vertebral region |
meningiocele |
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herniation of meninges and spinal cord from the vertebral region |
meningiomyelocele |
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The vertebral arch may not close, the spinal cord and meninges stay in place, and the skin closes directly over the spinal cord |
spina bifida occulta |
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What anomaly accompanies a cleft sternum? |
ectopia cordis |
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a depressed sternum that is sunken posteriorly |
Pectus excavatum |
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chest pressed bilaterally and sternum projected anteriorly |
Pectus carniatum |
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The visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm gives us_____ while the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm gives us______ |
smooth muscle of the gut and its derivatives pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, sternum, limbs |
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What do sweat glands, mammary glands and the pupil of the eye have in common? |
they're ectodermal in origin |
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Types of muscular dystrophy |
Duchenne and Becker |
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When do limb buds appear? |
at the end of the 4th week |
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when does the first constriction appear in the limb buds? |
in the 5th week |
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Usually, the lower limbs are ____ behind the forelimbs in development |
1-2 days |
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limb not formed |
amelia |
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limb partially developed |
meromelia |
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rudimentary hands and feet attached to trunk |
phocomelia |
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fused digits |
syndactyly |
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short digits |
brachydactyly |
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extra digit(s) |
polydactyly |
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missing digits |
ectrodactyly |
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all segments of extremities present but very short |
micromelia |
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Third digit doesn’t form, the 1st and 2nd digits fuse, and the 4th and 5th digits fuse |
cleft foot/ lobster deformity |
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short and bowing limbs |
osteogenesis imperfecta |
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Major blood vessels are formed by _____ |
vasculogenesis |
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The coronary sinus is formed from |
remnants of the left horn of sinus venosus |
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Structures from the remnants of the left horn of sinus venosus |
Cornorary sinus and the olique vein of the left atrium |
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What forms the septum intermedium? |
superior and inferiorendocardial cushions |
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Neural crest cells in the heart form |
the endocardial cushions the conus cordis |
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What closes up the ostium primim? |
the septum intermedium |
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The septum secundum emerges from the ____ to the ___ of septum primum |
roof of the atrium |
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and a narrow oblique cleft remains between the two atria without shunt |
probe patency |
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% probe patency |
20% |
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The septum spurium is formed from |
the fusion of the upper edges of left and right venous valves at the SA opening |
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• The lower half of the right venous valve forms |
the valve of the IVC and the valve of the coronary sinus |
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• The upper half of the right venous valve forms the |
cristae terminalis, |
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o The sinus venarum came into existence due to |
absorption of the right horn sinus |
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What forms the final interatrial septum?? |
• The septum spurium left venous valve septum secundum septum primum |
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What will the pulmonary buds form? |
the pulmonary veins and the posterior wall of the left atrium |
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The conus cordis forms the |
outflow tracts of the left and right ventricles |
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The truncus arteriosus is divided by the |
aorticopulmonary septum |
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The muscular part of the IV septum is formed by |
the invagination of the wall of the left ventricle → inward growth |
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The anterolateral part of the truncus arteriosus |
the pulmonary trunk |
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the posteromedial part of the truncus arteriosus |
the aorta |
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What closes the superior half of the interventricular opening? |
the septum formed from right and left conus swellings |
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The conus swellings' septum lies between the ___ and ____ |
aorta and the pulmonary trunk |
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the inferior half of the interventricular opening is closed up by |
a septum from the inferior endocardial cushions |
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the membranous IV septum is formed from |
superior conus swelling inferior conus swelling inferior endocardial cushion |
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Neither the septum primum nor the secundum are formed |
Cor Triloculare Biventriculare |
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A congenital anomaly, invovling obliteration of the right atrioventricular orifice |
Tricuspid atresia |
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Where do heart valves come from? |
fibrous remnants of the endocrdial cushions |
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Characteristics of tricuspid atresia |
obliteration of the right AV orifice VSD ASD Hypertrophy of the left ventricle Underdevelopment of the right ventricle pulmonary stenosis |
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an anomaly where the tricuspid valve is displaced towards the apex of the heart, with a large right atrium and a small right ventricle |
Ebstein anomaly |
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Tetralogy of Fallot |
Pulmonary stenosis VSD Overriding aorta Right ventricular hypertrophy |
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When the septum in the truncus and the conus fails to form, we get a |
persistant truncus arteriosus |
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Transposition of the great vessels happens when |
the aorticopulmonary septum does not form a spiral→stays straight→aorta in the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk in the left ventricle |
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in HRHS, how does blood reach the lungs? |
via reverse blood flow through a patent ductus arteriosus |
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ASD, patent ductus arteriosus and stenosis of the pulmonary valve means |
HRHS |
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___% of all congenital anomalies are heart anomalies |
1% |
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HLHS |
• Aortic atresia/stenosis • Patent oval foramen - ASD • A patent ductus arteriosus delivers blood into the aorta. |
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Anomalies that cause ASD |
Probe patency excessive resorption of the septum primum failure of development of septum secundum Common atrium Tricuspid atresia HRHS HLHS |
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Anomalies that cause VSD |
Tetrology of Fallot Persistant truncus arteriosus |
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Anomalies with a patent ductus arteriosus |
HRHS HLHS *tricuspid atresia *Transposition of the great vessels |
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Between pharyngeal arches inside _____ and outside_____ |
pouches |
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Pharyngeal arches and arteries appear |
cephalo-caudally |
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o 1st aortic arch artery |
degenerates, remnants form the maxillary artery |
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o 2nd aortic arch artery |
degenerates, remnants form the stapedial artery (to stapes) and the hyoid artery (to hyoid bone) |
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o 3rd aortic arch artery |
forms the common carotid artery (gives off internal and external), the proximal part of the internal carotid artery, which is continued by the dorsal aorta (from level 3 and upwards). The external carotid artery emerges as a sprout/ bud from the 3rd aortic arch artery as well. |
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o 4th aortic arch artery |
On the right side → proximal part of the right subclavian artery (from the brachiocephalic artery) On the left side → part of the arch of the aorta (between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery) |
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o 5th aortic arch artery |
degenerates |
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o 6th aortic arch artery |
pulmonary aortic arch artery → gives us the pulmonary arteries Right and left proximal parts →right and left pulmonary arteries Right distal part→degenerates Left distal part → ductus arteriosus |
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The internal carotid artery is formed from |
Proximally→ 3rd aortic arch artery Distally→ Dorsal aorta |
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The ____ sided connection between the dorsal aorti degenerates |
right |
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o Left intersegmental artery |
→ gives us the left subclavian artery. |
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o Right intersegmental artery |
→ with the dorsal aorta, continues the distal part of the right subclavian artery. |
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right subclavian artery is formed from |
the 4th aortic arch artery proximally the descending aorta the 7th right intersegmental artery. |
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Which arteries form the celiac a and sup and inf mesenteric a? |
vitelline arteries |
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What forms the internal iliac and superior vesical arteries? |
Proximal part of umbilical arteries |
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Distal part of umbilical arteries forms |
medial umbilical ligaments |
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intercostal spaces at the lower margins of the edges of ribs are indented |
post-ductal coarctation of the aorta |
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What happens if the proximal dorsal aorta and the right 4th aortic arch artery degenerates? |
Abdominal origin of the right subclavius |
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Persistence of the distal portion of the right dorsal aorta |
double aortic arch → dysphagia and dyspnea |
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Right vitelline vein |
superior mesenteric vein |
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Left vitelline vein |
degenerates |
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Both vitelline veins participate in |
hepatic venous sinusoids |
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The right umbilical vein |
degenerates |
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The left umbilical vein |
degenerates proximally distally forms the left umbilical vein which will form the ductus venosus in the liver |
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Both umbilical veins |
participate in the formation of hepatic sinusoids |
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_____ connects the leftumbilical vein with the right hepatocardiac channel |
the ductus venosus |
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SVC |
from the right common cardinal vein + the proximal part of the right anterior cardinal vein |
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IVC formed from |
o Hepatic segment → from the right vitelline o Renal segment→from the right subcardinal o Right sacrocardinal vein →from the right sacrocardinal |
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Double IVC caused by |
persistence of left sacrocardinal veins |
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Absence of IVC caused by |
failure in union between hepatic and renal parts of IVC |
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When does the left brachiocephalic vein fail to form? |
When we have double SVC |
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crista dividans |
septum secundum |
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02 in blood in umbilical vein |
80% |
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O2 in blood in umbilical artery |
56% |
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It takes the ductus arteriosus ____ to become ligamentum arteriosum |
3 months |
