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132 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The (upper, lower) limb appears in the middle of the 4th week and the (upper, lower) limb appears at the end of the 4th week
upper, lower
True or False, the limbs project from the dorsolateral body wall
False, ventrolateral
The (upper, lower) limb comes from the lower cervical region, and the (upper, lower) limb comes from the lumbosacral region
upper, lower
The limb bud has a core made of what tissue?
mesenchyme
In the mesenchymal core of the limb buds, what tissue forms connective tissue and skeleton? What tissue invades this to form muscle?
somatic mesoderm, somitic mesoderm (myotome)
The mesenchymal core of the limb bud is covered by what tissue?
ectoderm
The limb bud os shaped (generally) like what?
a paddle
The limb bud is elongated in the (dorsoventral, craniocaudal) axis
craniocaudal
The limb bud is narrow in the (dorsoventral, craniocaudal) axis
dosroventral
The palm or sole of the foot/hand is considered the (ventral, dorsal) surface
ventral
The preaxis is the (first, fifth) toe/finger and the postaxis is the (first, fifth) axis
first, fifth
What does AER stand for in terms of limb development?
Apical ectodermal ridge
The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a band of thickening (endoderm mesoderm, ectoderm) at the apex of the limb bud
ectoderm
How is the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) induced to form?
by underlying mesenchyme
True or False, while it does speed up the process, the apical ectodermal ridge is not required for development and growth of limb buds
False, it IS required!
True or False, The limb bud develops in a proximodistal direction
True.
The mesenchyme is located in the more (proximal, distal) end of the limb bud which puts it (close, far) from the AER
proximal, far
What is amelia and meromelia?
ameloa is the absence of limb and mermelia is partial absense of limb
Differentiation of limb bud occurs between the ___ and ___ week.
5th, 8th
What is a teratogen?
An agent that can disturb the development of an ambryo
The development of the hand and foot plated initially appears as an expansion of the (distal, proximal) part of the limb bud
distal
As the fingers and toes develop, what are they called?
digital rays
The digital rays (keep, lose) the AER and the interdigital zone (keep, lose) their AER
keep, lose
What process allows the interdigital zone to form?
programmed cell death
What is syndactyly?
When 2 or more digits are fused together
What three substances are expressed in the interdigital zone that lead to cell death?
BMPs, retinoic acid receptor B, Msx-1
True or False, when rotating, both upper and lower limbs rotate into parasagittal orientation
True.
The upper limb undergoes (lateral, medial) rotation and the lower limb undergoes (lateral, medial) rotation
lateral, medial
In the fifth week, a model of ___ begins to form that will later be replaced by bone
cartilage
primary centers of ossification being at the end of the ___ week
7th
When is the cartilage model done for upper extremeties? Lower?
end of 6th week, mid 7th weekd
When do secondary centers of ossification appear in epiphysis of long bones?
after birth
The interzonal mesenchyme forms ____ cartilage on joint surfaces of neighboring bones
articular
Vacuolization of mesenchyme creates what?
synovial cavity
The center of interzonal mesenchyme gives rise to what part of joint?
internal structures
What layer of interzonal mesenchyme gives rise to the joint capsule AND synovial membrane?
outer layer
Proper joint development depends on movement of what?
the limbs
Limb skeletal musculature derived from ____ mesoderm
somitic (NOT somatic)
The upper limbs are from (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral) myotomes (pick 2)
cervical, thoracic
The lower limbs are from (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral) myotomes (pick 2)
lumbar, sacral
Ventral muscle mass gives rise to (flexors, extensors), (adductors, abdutors), (pronators, supinators)
flexors, adductors, pronators
Dorsal muscle mass gives rise to (flexors, extensors), (adductors, abdutors), (pronators, supinators)
extensors, abductors, supinators
(ventral, dorsal) rami innervate hypaxial musculature
ventral
What are the 5 divisions of the brachial plexus?
roots, trunks, divisions, cords, nerves
roots of the brachial plexus come from C?-T?
5, 1
The equivalent to the brachial plexus for lower limbs is called what?
lumbosacral plexus
What are the three categories od limb development defects?
reduction defects, duplication defects, dysplasia
In a reduction defect, melia is (complete, partial) absence of limb and meromelia is (complete, partial) absence of limb
complete, partial
What is the term for having extra digits?
polydactyly
What is the term for the malfrmation of a limb?
dysplasia
What common chromosomal defect can cause limb abnormalities?
trisomy 18
True or False, environmental factors can cause limb abnormalities
True.
A clubfoot is usually caused by (trick question)
It is multifactoral
Amnionic band syndrome is a type of (mechanical, genetic, chemical, radiation induced) influence that causes limb amnormalities
mechanical
A ___ anomaly is a structural abnormality of any tpe present at birth
congenital
A morphological defect of an organ, part of an organ, or larger region of the body that results from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process, that is abnormal from the beginning.
malformation
A morphological defect that results from the breakdown of, or interference with an originally normal developmental process.
disruption
An abnormality that results from mechanical forces that mold a part of the fetus over a prolonged period.
deformation
An abnormal organization of cells into tissues and its morphological result(s); it is nonspecific and often affects several organs
dysplasia
A chromosomal abnormality of a gamete at fertilization is an example of
malformation
Exposure to teratogens can cause issues generally known as
disruption
oligohydramnios and clubfoot formation are known generally as
deformation
congenital ectodermal dysplasia is an example of what type of congenital anomaly?
dysplasia
Most congenital anomalies are cause by what?
uknown etiology (50-60%)
Mutant genes and chromosomal abnormalites each contribute to what % of human bith defects
about 6-8% each
things like teratogens account for what % of congenital anomalies?
7-10%
A combination of genetc and environmental factors account for what % of human birth defects?
20-25%
What are teratogens?
agents known to cause congenital malformations
Tissues are most sensitive to teratogens when they are done growing, or when they are growing the most?
growing (tehcnically: proliferation and differentiation)
From week ? To week ? Is the most sensitve period for birth defects
3, 8
What virus can cause cataracts, deafness, and cardiac defects?
rubella virus
Infection of what virus usually causes spontaneous abortion?
Cytomegalovirus
Infection of this virus specifically affects the nervous system and can cause mental retardation?
Cytomegalovirus
What type of infection is causes microcephaly, microphthalmia, and hydrocephaly? Where does this organism come from?
Toxoplasma gondii; protozoan
What organism causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum can cross the placenta after week ___
20
What antibiotic can kill the syphilis spirochetes?
penicillin
Thalidomide is a classic example of what type of chemical?
teratogen
Ethanol can cause FAS and ARND, what do these stand for?
Fetal alcohol syndrom and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
FAS and ARND together have an incidence of 1 in every ? Live births
100
What is thought to be the most common cause of mental retardation?
maternal alcohol abuse
What can result in intrauterine growth retardation?
cigarette smoking
Androgenic agents like synthetic progestins were used to prevent abortions, but what is their downside?
masculinization of female external genitalia in female embryos
In the 4th to 10th month of pregnancy what can cause tooth defects?
tetracycline
Streptomycin is associated with damage to what CN?
8th
What drug for acne has a high rate of spontaneous abortion, cardiovascular, and neural tube defects?
retinoic acid
Antiocoagulants like warfarin can cause what two things?
chondrodysplasia, microcephaly
What type of drug is associated with facial defects, cleft palate, heart defects, neural tube decefts, urogenital and skeletal abnormalities?
anticonvulsants
Diphenylhydantoin, valproic acid, and trimethadione are all examples of what?
anticonvulsants
Chemotherapeutic agents are highly teratogenic because they inhibit what process?
mitosis in rapidly dividing cells
Cocaine is associated with spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and what two other things?
microcephaly and neurobehavioral disturbances
Low birth weight and CNS dysfunction are associated with what drugs?
heroin and methadone
True or False, radiation tends to cause limb defects
False, it can cause almost any defect, not just limbs
What three things are particularly sensitive to radiation damage?
CNS, palate, skeletal system
What problems restricts mobility of the fetus, causing prolonged compression in an abnormal posture?
oligohydramnios
True or False, olighydramnios causes dislocation of hip and clubfoot
True.
Polyploidy is a dupication of (half, whole) set of chromosomes
whole
someone with triploidy will have how many chromosomes?
69
Someone with 92 chromosomes is said to be
tetraploidy
Lack of cleavage during first mitosis can cause what genetic issue?
tetraploidy
2 sperm in the same oocyte, or failure of 2nd polar body to separate from secondary oocyte can cause what
triploidy
The principle cause of aneuploidy is ___ during meiosis
nondisjunction
What is it called when you deviate from the normal diploid number, either too few or too many?
aneuploidy
The frequency of aneuploidy (increases, decreases) with increased maternal age
increases
Having 45 chromosomes is called
monosomy
What is the most common cytoenetic abnormality found in spontaneous abortions?
monosomy
Live birth autosomal monosomy is (common, rare)
rare
Sex chromosomal monosomy produces what? What is the sex chromosome pair?
Turner's, XO
Turner's syndrome usually happens from nondisjunction in (sperm, egg)
sperm
Having 47 chromosomes is called
trisomy
True or False, those with XXX sex chromosomal trisomy have a normal appearance
True.
Nondisjunction in meiosis II of spermatogenesis causes what combination of sex chromosomes? (hint: 3)
XYY
Klinefelter's syndrome has what sex chromosomes?
XXY
Klinefelter's syndrome is usually not noticed until when?
puberty
XXY can result in (long, short) legs
long
Trisomy 21 is also known as ___ syndrome
Down's
An individual with 2 or more genotypes is called what?
mosaicism
How quickly do those with trisomy 18 and 13 usually die?
within a year
Majority of chromosomal breaks are caused by what type of factors? (very general)
environmental
cri du chat is the partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome #?
5
The transfer of piece of chromosome to non-homologous chromosome
translocation
Reversal of chromosome segment
inversion
Duplicate portion of chromosome
duplication
When the centromere divides transversely, it is called what?
isochromosome
Autosomal (dominant, recessive) diseases are only manifested when the genes are homozygous
recessive
The process of removing amnionic fluid with a needle is called
amniocentesis
With amniocentesi, you look for ___ with a neural tube defect and ___ for hemolytic deiseases
alpha-fetoprotein; bilirubin
Chorionic villous sampling can be done as early as ? Weeks after fertilization
7
True of False, Amniocentesis detects earlier than Chorionic villous sampling
False, the other one is earlier
What technique lets you visualize the chorionic sac?
ultrasound
The biparietal diameter of the ___ helps estimate fetal age?
skull
True or False, an ultrasound does not allow for detection of hydrocephaly
False, it can