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301 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ovum changes to multicellular adult organism is called
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diversification
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progressive acquisition of structural and biochemical specialization is called
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dfferentiation
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genes are turned off during differentiation but are not turned off permamently, how was this proven?
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dolly cloning, differentiated nucleus into egg making new embryo
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example of differentiation with loss of pattern formation is known as what?
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teratoma, lack of pattern formation
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determining age based on time from last menstrual period is known as what? where would this be used?
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gestational age, used clinically
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determing age based on time from fertilization is known as what? this staging is used where?
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Fertilization age, used in class
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Day one is known as what?
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Fertilization
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cells undergoing differentiation at the proper time and in the proper location is what?
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pattern formation
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zygote cell nuclei is haploid or diploid?
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diploid
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What events occur during the 1st week of developement
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cleavage and implantation
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the extracellular layer, known as the zona pellucida is comprised of what?
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glycoproteins
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the cells that are formed by the rapid mitotic divisions during cleavage are known as what?
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blastomeres
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The morula stage has approximately how many cells?
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12-16
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The morula is completed by what day?
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day 3
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What is the process by which blastomeres form tight junctionsbetween outer blastomeres?
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compaction
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What is formed 4 days after fertilization
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blastocyst formation
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what two subdivisions are formed in initial blastocyst?
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extraembryonic and embryonic cells
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Embryonic cells of the blastocyst are forming what in the first week?
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inner cell mass cells
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Extraembryonic cells of the blastocyst are forming what in the first week?
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trophoblast cells
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Compaction is what?
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formation of tight junctions between outer blastomeres
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The inner cell mass cells are formed from embryonic cells of the early blastocyst and are collectively also known as what?
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embryoblast
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the loss of the zona pellucida is known as what?
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hatching
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The process of hatching forms what?
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floating blastocyst
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Up to the point of implantation what has occurred within the fertilized ovum?
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fertilization, cleavage, morula formed, compaction, blastocyst formation, hatching (formation of the floating blastocyst)
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What cavity is formed after compaction?
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Blastocyst cavity
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What day is the floating blastocyst formed
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6th day
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Where is the appropriate site of implanation?
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intrauterine (superior part of body of uterus, posterior wall usually) known as the endometrium
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The trophoblast splits to form what 2 layers
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cytotrophoblast and syncitio trophoblast
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Of the two layers formed by the trophoblast which layer gives rise to the other?
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cytotrophoblast gives rise to tehe syncitotrophoblast
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What important hormone is formed that is the basis for early pregnancy tests, and what produces this?
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human chorionic gonadotropin, syncitiotrophoblast
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The syncitiotrophoblast has what functional purpose in implantation
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haghly invasive into endometrium using hydrolytic enzymes and proteases
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What occurs in the inner cell mass cells during the beginning of implantation?
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delaminate to form hypoblast layer facing blastocyst cavity
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Spontaneous abortion serves what purpose
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natural screening of embryos
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What are the implantation sites that are possible?
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intrauterine, extrauterine (tubal, ovarian, and abdominal)
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What are extrauterine implantations known as?
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ectopic pregnancy
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What is the most commin ectopic pregnancy, what causes this, and what might cuase this?
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tubal, result of delayed transport of zygote, cuased by scarring (as seen in conflammatory disease)
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embryonic stem cells are derived from what?
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inner cell mass cells
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Embryonic stem cells are said to be what, and this means what?
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totipotent, they can differentiate into all types of adult cells, tissues, and organs
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What is the difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells?
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ESC are pleuripotent, while adults are restricted potential
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What are the events during second week of developement?
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implantation is completed, formation of primitive uteroplacental circulation, formation of bilaminar embryo, and formation of extraembryonic membranes and cavities
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What are the two basic functions of the uteroplacental circulation
provides means for developing embryo to recieve nutrients and get rid of |
waste products, and forms primitve placenta
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What is the name for the spaces that form within syncitiotrophoblast?
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lacunae
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The lacunae fuse to form what network
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lacunar network
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What fuses with lacunar network and fills it?
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maternal blood
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what two layered structure forms early in the 2nd week from hypoblast?
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bilaminar disk
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What are the two layers of the bilaminar disk
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epiblast and hypoblast
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What cavities form after the formation of the bilaminar disc?
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amniotic cavity (above) and primary yolk sac
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What forms from the migration of hypoblasts around the lower cavity?
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exocoelomic membrane
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Hypoblasts give rise to what two layers that form the extraembryonic coelom
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splanchnic extraembryonic mesoderm and somatic extraembryonic mesoderm
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splanchnic extraembryonic mesoderm is associated with what?
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yolk sac
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somatic extraembryonic mesoderm is associated with what?
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amniotic membrane, connecting stalk, and chorion
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what forms the extraembryonic coelom or chorionic cavity
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the splitting of the extraembryonic mesoderm, formed primarly from hypoblast (some may form from epiblast during gastrulation
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the chorion foms what structure
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fetal portion of placenta
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what is the endodermally lined projection from yolk sac into the connecting stalk
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allantois
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the primary yolk sac becomes what after the completion of the
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extraembryonic coelom and chorion
secondary yolk sac |
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What are the two cell types within the embryo
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epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells
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what cells are polarized with respect to enviorment and sit on top of extracellular matrix
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epithelial cells
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what cells are not polarized with respect to enviorment and reside within extracellular matrix
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mesenchymal cells
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What is the major process taking place at the beginning of the 3rd week that willchange the bilaminar embryo into trilaminar
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gastrulation
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what three germ layers are formed from the epiblast
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ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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What goes to form the outer layer, skin, nervous system
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ectoderm
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what goes to form the middle layer, muscle, heart, and skeleton
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mesoderm
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what goes to form the inner layer and lining of the GI tract
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endoderm
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What does ectoderm form
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outer layer, skin, nervous system
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what does mesoderm form
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middle layer, muscle, heart, and skeleton
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what does endoderm form
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inner layer and lining of GI tract
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What is the primitive streak
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thickened midline band of epiblast in caudal part of bilaminar disk
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primitive streak is formed by the thickening of what?
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epiblast layer
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ingression of epiblast through primitve groove forms what
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mesoderm
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What forms mesoderm in gastrulation
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ingression of epiblast through primitve groove
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epiblast that ingresses through primitve groove and replaces hypoblast is what
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endoderm
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What forms endoderm
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epiblasts ingressing through the primitive groove, replacing hypoblasts
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What are the five structures that can be seen, looking down onto epiblast in amniotic cavity
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oropharyngeal membrane, primitive pit, primitive streak, primitive groove, and cloacal membrane
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Gastrulatino begins about what time
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beginning of 3rd week, 15th-16th day
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what type of cells are migratory mesodermal cells
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mesenchymal
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what type of cells form endoderm and ectoderm
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epithelial
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what occurs to form notochord
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migration of mesoderm along midline towards oropharyngeal membrane
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notochord degenerates except where, and what does this eventually form
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except between vertebrae, this forms nucleus pulposus
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what is the process that forms the neural tube
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neurulation
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what day does the notochord induce overlying ectoderm to form neural plate
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day 18
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what is unduction
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the process by which one tissue alters the fate of an adjacent tissue
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what process forms the neural plate
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notochord induces overlying ectoderm to form neural plate
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what is the primordium of the cns?
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neural tube
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what are the ways that mesoderm migrates during gastrulation
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laterally to reach extraembryonic mesoderm, along midline to form notochord, dorsolaterally and cranially to form cardiogenic region
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as the notochord lengthens what regresses
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primitive streak
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what might occur from a lack of regression of primitive streak
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sacrococcygeal teratoma
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neural tube is formed and closed by when
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end of 4th week
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closure of neural tube (neuropore) corresponds with what at the end of 4th week?
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establishment of vascular circulation in neural tube
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What cells form with the closure of the neural tube from neuroectoderm
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neural crest cells
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what occurs from incomplete closure of neuropores
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neural tube defects
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how can Neural tube defects be detected
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ultrasound and alpha fetal protein found in amniotic fluid
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what can prevent neural tube defects
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folic acid
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what are some Neural tube defects
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spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, myeloschisis, and enencephally
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neural crest cells form where
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at location where neural tube is pinching off from the dorsal surface
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neural crest cells undergo what transformation before migrating throughout the embryo
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epithelial to mesenchymal transformation to form ectomesenchyme
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neural tube forms in what sequence
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cranial to caudal, begins in cervical region
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neural crest cells form what
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dorsal root, autonomic and cranial ganglia, schwann cells, pigment cells, and branchial arch mesenchyme
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defects in neural crest migration causes what
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neurocristopathies, like hirschsrpungs disease (agangliionic megacolon) or DiGeorge syndrome (3rd and 4th branchial arch problems)
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where does mesoderm not migrate to and what occurs because of this
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oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes, eventually forms mouth and anus
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mesoderm is organized into what
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1 midline, and 3 paired regions. Notochord (midline), paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm
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From center line to lateral how is the mesoderm arranged
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notochard at midline, paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate
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paraxial mesoderm becomes segmented in cranial to caudal sequence to form what
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somitomeres
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somitomeres go on to form what
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somites
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in the cephalic region how many somitomeres form and when do they form somites
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7 form, they do not form somites
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what 3 regions of somites and somitomeres are formed from paraxial mesoderm
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cephalic somitomeres, occipital somites, and trunk somites
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somites are what
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cuboidal blocks of mesoderm composed of EPITHELIAL CELLS
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Somites disperse to form what 2 types
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sclerotome and dermamyotome
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sclerotome forms what? myotome?
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scel- axial skeleton , myotome- skeletal muscle
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the somites that migrate dorsally and laterally are what type
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dermamyatome
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the somites that migrate ventrally and medially around the notochard and neural tube are what type?
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sclerotome
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lateral plate mesoderm splits and gives rise to what
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embryonic coelom
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mesoderm associated with the ectoderm after splitting of lateral plate mesoderm is known as what? forms what
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somatic mesoderm, forms future body wall
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mesoderm associated with the endodoerm after splitting of lateral plate mesoderm is what? later forms what?
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splanchnic mesoderm forms visceral structures
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what does intermediate mesoderm go on to form
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urogenital system
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somatic mesoderm and ectoderm are collectively known as?
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somatopleure
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splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm are collectively known as what
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splanchnopleure
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where do the extraembryonic and embryonic coelom communicate
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only at the future peritoneal region
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when does embryonic folding occur
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during fourth week
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what occurs with median folding
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cardiogenic region and oropharyngeal membrane fold ventrally and caudally, cloacal membrane folds ventrally and cranially and part of the yolk sac is incorporated into embryo as primitive gut
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what occurs with lateral folding
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lateral plate mesoderm moves ventrally and medially, participates in forming body wall
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purse string closure refers to what in body folding
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closure of all the foldings, occurs around umbilical ring
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what is controlling the formation of the cranial caudal and dorsal venral body axis
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hensens node
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what occurs if hensens node is transplanted
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formation of second primary body axis
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what is thought to cause the formation of the left/right body axis?
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different set of factors on left side than right, might be set up by beating of cilia in specific directions on hensens node
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what occurs from cilia beating in wrong direction on hensens node
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situs inversus
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what are the derivatives from neuroectoderm
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neural tube and neural crest cells
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what forms from neural tube
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cns, retina, posterior pituitary
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what forms from neural crest cells
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sensory neurons of dorsal root adn cranial ganglia, symp and parasymp postganglionic neurons, glials cells of sensory and ans, schwann cells, adrenal medulla gland, head mesenchyme, branchial arch cartilage, ciscerocranium, dentin, melanocytes
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what forms from surface ectoderm
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epidermis (hair and nails), cutaneous and mammary glands, anterior pituitary, enamel of teeth, inner ear, lens of eye, some sensory neurons of cranial sensory ganglia
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what forms from paraxial mesoderm
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trunk somites and cephalic somitomeres
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what forms from trunk somites
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sclerotome and dermamyotome
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what forms from sclerotome
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vertebral column and ribs
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what forms from dermamyotome
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all skeletal muscles in trunk and limbs
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what forms from cephalic somitomeres
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skeletal (neurocranium) and muscles of the eye and branchial arch derivatives
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what is formed from intermediate mesoderm
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urogenital system including gonads, ducts, and accessory glands
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what is formed from lateral plate mesoderm
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somatic layer and splanchnic layer
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what is formed from somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
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parietal membrane of pleura, pericardim, peritoneum, and participates with dermamyotome to form body wall
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what is formed from splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
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mosth muscle of hollow viscera (digestive system), cardiac musculature, visceral membranes (pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
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what is formed from endoderm
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branchial apparatus, respiratory system, and gut tube
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what is formed from branchial apparatus
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pharynx, thyroid gland, tympanic cavity, pharyngotympanic canal, tonsils, parathyroid glands, and thymus
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The appendicular skeleton forms from what?
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lateral plate mesoderm (somatic layer)
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the developement of cartilage is known as what?
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chondrogenisis
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skeletal muscle develops from what?
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paraxial mesoderm only
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skull is formed from what?
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paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells
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Describe the basic process of chondrogenisis
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mesenchyme condenses (precartilage condensation), chondroblasts are formed, chondroblasts differentiate into cartilage specific extracellular matrix, perichondrium surrounds cartilage
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What are the two mechanisms by which cartilage grows?
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interstitial growth, and appositional growth
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cartilage growth through the division of chondrocytes is known as what?
|
interstitial growth (growth from inside)
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cartilage growth from formation of chondrocytes from the perichondrium is known as what?
|
appositional growth (growth from outside)
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what is bone formation known as?
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osteogenisis
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What are the two types of osteogenisis?
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intramembranous and endochondral
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what type of bone formation results directly from mesenchyme?
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intramembranous ossification
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what type of bone growth occurs from a cartilage model?
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endochondral ossification
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what types of bones form from endochondral growth
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long bones
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describe the process by which intramembranous ossification occurs
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mesenchyme condenses into a membrane, osteocytes form directly from membrane, growth is appositional only
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describe the process by which endochondral ossification occurs
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occurs in pre existing cartilaginous models, where cartilage dies and is replaced by bone
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describe the steps involved in the formation of long bones
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1. formation of cartilage model2. perichondrium becomes periosteum 3. appearance of primary center of ossification
4. growth in length of long bones 5. growth in width of long bones 6. after birth |
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the cartilage model of long bone is formed by when
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7th week
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where does the appearance of of primary center of ossification occur?
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in diahpysis (chondrocytes hyprtrophy, invaded by vasculature, and osteocytes form
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what is involved in the growth in length of the long bones?
|
cartilage at diaphyseal-epiphyseal junction continues to grow
|
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where does growth in width for long bones occur?
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appositional growth occurs at periosteum
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after birth, where is secondary center for ossification in long bones
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epiphysis
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what 3 types of joints can be formed
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synovial joint, cartilaginous joint, and fibrous joint
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which joint forms capsule and ligaments, synovial membrane, and joint cavity
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synovial joint
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what joint forms hyaline or fibrous cartilage
|
cartilaginous joint
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what joint forms dense connective tissue
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fibrous
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how many vertebrae form and how many of each type
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33 total: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 saccral, and 4 coccygeal
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what is the difference between somitic mesoderm and somatic mesoderm
|
somitic is derived from paraxial mesoderm, somatic comes from lateral plate mesoderm
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what groups does dermamyotome divide into?
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dermatome and myotome
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dermatome contributes to what?
|
contributes to dermis
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myotome contributes to what?
|
formation of ALL skeletal muscles
|
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what are the two types of scleretome
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primary scleretome and secondary (definitive) scleretome
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what differentiates primary scleretome from secondary
|
primary is segmental, and seperates into cranial and caudal parts. Caudal part fuses with inferior cranial part and this is secondary.
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primary caudal scleretome fuses with what?
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fuses with inferior cranial primary scleretome
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the fusion of the primary caudal scelartome with the inferior cranial primary scleretome forms what?
|
secondary scleretome
|
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what forms between the scleretomal segments
|
intervertebral disks
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what migrates around neural tube and how to form vertebrae
|
scleretome migrates dorsally and medially
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what migrates to where to form ribs and sternum
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sceretome migrates into somatic mesoderm of body wall
|
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what happens to vertebral arch if neural tube does not close
|
spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, myeloschisis
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dorsal muscles, through dorsal primary ramus innervation are known as what?
|
epaxial musculature
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ventral muscles, through ventral primary ramus innervations
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hypaxial musculature
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what can occur from failure of somitic mesoderm (hypaxial) to complete migration into somatic mesoderm
|
gastroschisis
|
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what induces the formation of sclerotome
|
SHH sonic hedgehog
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scleretome produces what that initiates cartilage and bone formation
|
PAX1
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PAX1 does what and is produced by what?
|
initiates cartilage and bone formation, produced by scleretome
|
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what induces dermamyotome
|
WNT
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What makes epaxial musculature
|
MYF5
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What makes hypaxial musculature
|
BMP6 and MYOD
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extensors of neck and vertebral column are innervated by what part of spinal nerves and are known as what?
|
epaxial muscles innervated by dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerves
|
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prevertebral musculature such as lateral and ventral flexors of vertebral column are innervated by what and are called what
|
ventral primary ramus, called hypaxial muscles
|
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what is the molecular regulation of sclerotome formation
|
SHH is produced by neural tube and notochord, this induces ventromedial portion to become sclerotome
|
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what initiates bone formation and cartilage formation
|
sceleretome expresses PAX1
|
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what is the molecular regulaton for dermamyotome formation
|
WNT from dorsal neural tube and epidermis induces dorsolateral portion to become dermamyotome
|
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what molecular regulation creates epaxial muscle
|
medial portion expresses MYF5 and becomes epaxial muscle
|
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what molecular regulation creates hypaxial muscle
|
lateral portion induced by BMP4, expresses MYOD and becomes hypaxial muscle
|
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segmentation appears to arise from expression of what?
|
clusters of homeobox genes (HOXA, HOXB, HOXC, and HOXD
|
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HOX genes at the 3' end of the cluster are expressed where? while 5' genes are expressed where?
|
3- cranially , 5- caudally
|
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in neural epithelium where does cell division take place
|
ventricular surface
|
|
where does differentiation occur in neural epithelium?
|
subpial surface
|
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what type of cell is neuroectoderm?
|
pseudostratified epithelium
|
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what are the 3 main derivatives of neuroepithelium?
|
bipolar neuroblast, glialblast, and ependymal cell
|
|
what are the derivatives of glialblast
|
protoplasmic astrocyte, fibrillar astrocyte, oligodendroglia
|
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bipolar neuroblast forms what
|
multipolar neuroblast
|
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protoplasmis astrocyte forms what
|
gray matter
|
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fibrillar astrocyte forms what
|
white matter
|
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what is the phagocytic glial cell
|
microglia
|
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what do oligodendroglia form
|
myelin
|
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what is programmed cell death known as and what purpose does it serve?
|
apoptosis, refines number
|
|
what is the longitudinal groove that forms in the ventricular surface of the lateral walls
|
sulcus limitans
|
|
cellular proliferation and differentiation primarily occurs where? and what does this prduce in the roof plate and floor plate?
|
primarily occurs in lateral wall, makes thin roof and floor plates
|
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intermediate zone is also known as what and forms what nervous system matter?
|
mantle layer or zone, forms gray matter
|
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after mitosis some cells detach from apical surface and migrate away from where to where?
|
from ventricular zone, to intermediate (mantle) zone
|
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neuronal cell bodies located in intermediate zone send axons where within neural tube, and this forms what zone (and what is this zone known as in adult?
|
toward external surface of neural tube to reach neurons at other levels of the neural tube. glia follow these axons and form the marginal zone. this is known as white matter later
|
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the alar plate is in what relation to sulcus limitans and is associated with what?
|
dorsal to sulcus, sensory functions
|
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basal plate is in what relation to sulcus limitans and is associated with what
|
ventral to sulcus, motor functions
|
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neuroblasts differentiate into what two types of motor neurons
|
somatic and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
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what prtein induces the formation of the floor plate and where does it come from?
|
sonic hedge hog, from notochord
|
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mesenchyme surrounding neural tube forms what
|
meninges
|
|
what forms dura mater
|
mesoderm
|
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what forms arachnoid and pia mater]
|
neural crest cells
|
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neuroectodermal cells at each neural fold migrating away from the
|
developing neural tube
|
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neural crest cells migrating between neural tube and paraxial mesoderm form what
|
dorsal root ganglia (sensory ganglia)
|
|
DRG cells differentiate into sensory neurons with how many processes
|
two
|
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what processes come from DRG
|
central processes and peripheral processes
|
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central processes go where and form what
|
away from DRG and toward neural tube, these make up the dorsal root of spinal nerves
|
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peripheral processes go where and form what
|
away from DRG and neural tube, join ventral roots to form spinal nerves
|
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sensory neurons form what with what?
|
sensory ganglia with cranial nerves 5, 7, 9, 10, and all segmental spinal nerves
|
|
Some DRG cells differentiate into the support cells of DRG known as
|
satellite cells
|
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some neural crest cells migrate along dorsal and ventral roots, spinal nerves, and ans and differentiate into what
|
schwann cells
|
|
neural crest cells from the thoracolumbar region migrate ventrally to aggregate into what
|
sympathetic ganglia
|
|
what two types of sympathetic ganglia are formed from neural crest cells
|
chain ganglia and preaortic ganglia
|
|
sympathetic chain does what
|
help innervate the somatic mesoderm for the body wall
|
|
what portion of the chaing ganglia connects the segmental ganglion to the segmental nerves at all levels
|
gray rami communicans
|
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what portion of the chain ganglia connects preganglionic fibers from T1 to L2 segments with sympathetic chain that distributes innervation throughout all vertebral levels
|
white rami communicans
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preaortic sympathetic ganglia cells do what
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migrate ventral to aorta to innervate the structures derived from the intermediate and splanchnic mesoderm
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preganglionic axons in the greater splanchnic nerve synapse where
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celiac ganglion
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preganglionic axons in the lesser splanchnic nerve synapse where
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superior messenteric ganglion
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preganglionic axons in the least splanchnic nerve synapse where
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aorticorenal ganglia and the adrenal medulla to innervate the kidneys
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preganglionic fibers in the lumbar and sacral splanchnics travel to where
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pelvic, intermesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia
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neural crest cells of suprarenal glands form what type of cells
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chromaffin cells
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chromaffin cells reieve direct preganglionic fibers from where and do what when stimulated
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lower thoracic segments, and release epi when stimulated
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neural crest cells that migrate to target tissue like the GI tract can form what (not sympathetic)
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parasympathetic ganglia
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what are the cranial nerves associated with parasympathetics
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3,7,9, and 10
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CN3 goes to what ganglion and sends fibers to what
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ciliac ganglion to the cilliary bodies
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cn7 goes to what ganglia to do what
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pterygopalatine ganglia via greater petrosal nerve to the lacrimal gland and nasal cavity/hard palate // chorda tympani nerve to submandibular ganglino which gets submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and lingual glands (travels with lingual nerve
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cn9 goes to what ganglia to do what
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lesser petrosal nerve to otic ganglion to the parotid gland
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cn 10 goes to what ganglia to do what
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cardiopulmonary plexus, foregut, and midgut ganglia
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what is failure of neural crest cells to migrate to colon wall
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congenital aganglionic megacolon
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aganglionic megacolon is what type of disease
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hirschsprung disease
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what are the two primary rami
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dorsal and ventral
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dorsal primary rami go to what
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epaxial musculature, vertebrae, posterior intervertebral joints, and portion of skin on back
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ventral primary rami go to what
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limbs (hypaxial musculature), ventrolateral parts of body wall, and major nerve plexuses
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at six months where is the spinal cord in relation to the vertebral column
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first sacral vertebrae
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a newborns spinal cord is where in relation to vertebral column
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second to third lumbar
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adults spinal cord is where in relation to vertebral column
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first lumbar
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tethered spinal cord, sc becomes tied down to the vertebral canal
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true
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rostral neuropore neural tube defects includes
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meningocele, meningoencephelocele, and meningohydroencephalocele
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spina bifida is what and can cause what neural tube defects
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failures of the closure in the caudal neuropore. oculta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, and rachischisis
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meningocele is what
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defect in the bone that allows a herniation of the subarachnoid space, rostral neuropore defect
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meningoencephalocele is what
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the bone defect allows the brain to herniate into a subarachnoid pocket, rostral neuropore defect
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meningohydroencephalocele is what
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the ventricular system pushes out of the bone defect and takes some brain with it, rostral neuropore defect
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oculta is what
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defect in vertebral arch, marked by tuft of hair, caudal neuropore defect
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meningocele is what
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a defect in the vertebral arch with an enlarged subarachnoid space, spinal cord is intact, caudal neuropore defect
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meningomyelocele is what
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the spinal cord protrudes through a defect in the vertebral arch into an expanded subarachnoid space, caudal neuropore defect
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rachischisis is what
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the vertebral arch does not close and the neural tube fails to form, caudal neuropore defect
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what cells produce serous fluids
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mesothelial cells
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what is the most cranial layer of lateral plate mesoderm called
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septum transversum
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peritoneal cavity communicates with what?
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pericardial cavity and extraembryonic coelom
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what participates in forming diaphragm
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septum transversum
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septum transversum is what and does what
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large wedge shaped piece of lateral plate mesoderm at cranial end of embryonic disk, participates in forming diaphragm
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septum transversum moves in what way during head folding
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ventrally and caudally
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heart developes from what ?
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splanchnic mesoderm of lateral plate
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start of gut is lined by what layer
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endoderm
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the coelom lying just caudal to the septum transversum, that goes on to lie by the heart is known as what
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pericardial coelom
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septum transversum forms what portion of gut tube that disappears mostly in adult
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ventral messentary
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how is the heart located in relation to the pericardial cavity after head fold
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dorsal to pericardial cavity
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what is the mesentery of the heart that later degenerates
|
dorsal mesocardium
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venous end of heart is where after head folding
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embedded in septum transversum caudally
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where is the areterial end of heart after head folding
|
suspended cranially in branchial arches
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pleuropericardial fold grows from what
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somatic mesoderm
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what is the epithelial lining of respiratory system
|
endoderm
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smooth muscle and and connective tissue associated with respiratory system comes from what
|
splanchnic mesoderm
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formation of lung buds comes as what from what
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diverticulum from foregut
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lung buds do what
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expand into pericardioperitoneal canal
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lungs surround what membrane after expansion into body wall
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pleuropericardial membrane, lieing lateral and ventral to the heart
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what veins are contained in the pleuropericardial folds
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common cardinal veins
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common cardinal veins are contained in what
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pleuropericardial folds
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what must occur in the pleupericardial membrane to form the proper membranes around the heart and lungs
|
it must split to form parietal pleura of lungs, and fibrous/parietal pericardium (fibrous and parietal layers ARE different)
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the continued growth of lungs into the body wall splits somatic meoderm into what two layeres
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outer layer and inner layer
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outer somatic mesoderm, formed from splitting of somatic mesoderm by lung growth forms what
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thoracid body wall
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inner somatic mesoderm, formed from splitting of somatic mesoderm by lungs forms what
|
fibrous pericardium (mediatstinal parietal pleura and parietal pericardium)
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what major nerve is contained within the fibrous pericardium
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phrenic nerve
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phrenic nerve is contained within what
|
fibrous pericardium
|
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what forms the diaphragm
|
septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, dorsal mesentary of the esophagus, and body wall
|
|
by what week is the diaphragm formed
|
end of 7th week
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musculature of the diaphragm is formed from what
|
from myoblasts that migrate into septum transversum while in the cervical region c3,c4, and c5
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what is the diaphragm innervated by
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phrenic nerve
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what accounts for the long course of the phrenic nerve
|
movement of diaphragm
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defects in fusion of pleuroperitoneal membrane with septum transversum and mesoesophagus causes what
|
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
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|
congenital diaphragmatic hernia always occurs where
|
in dorsal aspect of diaphragm, usually on left side, because the liver is on right side
|
|
what does congenital diaphragmatic hernia allow to herniate and what can occur because of this
|
intestines herniate into pleural cavity, caussing hypoplastic lungs (respiratory distress syndrome)
|
|
what might cause pulmonary trunk to come off of left ventricle and aorta off right ventricle
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