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242 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Branchial Arches
AKA
Pharyngeal Arches
Means gills; are bilateral. Forms when embryo starts to fold cranially and caudally.
What is the most important component of the Branchial apparatus?
Neural Crest Cells
Neural Crest Cells
-Cells that form just dorsal to neural tube and are highly migratory.
-Source of all connective tissue including skeleton
Cephalic Paraxial Mesoderm
Source of all skeletal muscle. Comparable to somites.
How many Branchial Arches are there?
4
Pharyngeal pouches.
bilateral evagenations that are lined with endoderm.
What four things make u the Branchial Apparatus?
Branchial Arches
Branchial Grooves
Branchial Pouches
Branchial Membrane
What is between the branchial pouch and groove?
The branchial membrane which gives rise to some structures.
How many branchial arches form?
6 but the fifth one is rudimentary.
What are the 2 parts to the first Branchial arch?
The maxillary prominence and the mandibular prominence.
What is between the branchial arches?
Branchial grooves
Where does the tongue form?
Between the lateral/bilateral pharyngeal arches and head of embryo grows over the oropharyngeal membrane. As neural crest proliferates the branchial arches overgrow the oropharyngeal membrane.
What is the space between the branchial arches and the oropharyngeal membrane?
The Stomodeum
What gets deeper and deeper as the structures of the head form around it?
Stomodeum
What does the stomodeum make up
The anterior 2/3rds of the oral cavity.
The palatoglossal arch
In front of tonsil. Represents the junction of where oropharyngeal membrane was; external to it is the stomodeum and deep to it is the foregut (posterior 1/3 of oral cavity.)
Pharyngeal pouches
4 Evagenations of endoderm that separate the branchial arch.
-where the pharynx abuts the branchial groove
Branchial Membrane
Meeting of ectoderm of branchial groove with endoderm of pharyngeal pouch
Structures of typical Branchial Arch
Ectodermal outer covering (epidermis)
Endodermal inner lining (mucosal)
Mesenchymal core: Branchiomeric mesenchyme
what is an undifferentiated cell?
Mesenchymal cells
What is the Mesenchymal core made up of?
1. Blood vessels
2. Cartilaginous bar
3. Muscular component
4. Cranial nerve
Where do the blood vessels of the Mesenchymal core come from?
The endothelium of an aortic arch.
What does the cartilaginous bar of the Mesenchymal core form from?
Neural Crest cells
What does the muscular component of the Mesenchymal core form from?
Cephalic paraxial mesoderm (somitomeres)
Which ONE of the branchial grooves gives us a structure in an adult and what structure is it?
Groove 1; External acoustic canal/external auditory meatus.
What happens to branchial grooves 2-4?
They disappear when branchial arch 2 overgrows grooves 2-4.
What is the large structure formed when branchial arch 2 overgrows grooves 2-4?
Operculum
Each arch will have its own what? (3 things)
Nerve, skeletal element, and muscle that form in different ways
What skeletal structures are formed by the mandibular prominence (lower jaw) of Branchial arch 1?
Meckel's cartilage which give rise to the malleus and incus.
By what process does the mandibular prominence of branchial arch 1 give rise to the malleus and incus?
Endochondrial ossification
Other than those 2 small bones, what does the mandibular prominence of branchial arch 1 give rise to AND by what means?
Gives rise to the mandible by means of intramembranous ossification
NOTE: Meckel's cartilage does not technically form the mandible; the mandible just forms by intramembranous ossification. (not on notes; just what she said in lecture on recording.)
What two ways can bone form?
1.Endochondrial; From cartilage
2. Intramembranous; Denovo: straight from mesenchyme.
What skeletal structures are formed by the maxillary prominence (upper jaw) of branchial arch 1 AND by what process?
The maxilla, zygomatic bone, and squamous portion of the temporal bone by intramembranous ossification.
What skeletal structure is formed by branchial arch 2 AND by way of what process?
Reichert's cartilage which forms the stapes (3rd bone in ear), styloid process, and upper 1/2 of hyoid bone by endochodral bone formation.
What skeletal structure does branchial arch 3 form AND by what process?
Lower half of the hyoid bone by Endochondrial bone formation.
What skeletal structures do branchial arches 4 and 6 form?
Cartilages of the larynx except the epiglottis.
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and arytenoids which are tiny cartilages in the thyroid that are responsible for moving the vocal cords.
Which CN is associated with branchial arch 1?
The trigeminal nerve. V2 and V3; the maxillary and mandibular divisions respectively.
Which CN supplies (is associated with) Branchial arch 2?
Facial Nerve VII (7)
Which CN supplies (is associated with) branchial arch 3?
CN IX (9): Glossopharyngeal nerve
Which CN supplies (is associated with) branchial arches 4 and 6?
CN X (10): The superior (mostly arch 4) and recurrent laryngeal (mostly arch 6) branches of the vagus nerve.
Where do the muscles associated with the Branchial arches come from?
Myoblasts that are migrating to the arches from paraxial somitic mesoderm; somites.
Which muscles does branchial arch 1 give rise to?
The muscles of mastication (for chewing, temporalis and masseter), mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor, tympani, tensor veli palatine.

SO THEY ARE ALL SUPPLIED BY THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V)! Motor innervation from V3
What muscles does branchial arch 2 give rise to?
Muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric, and stapedus.

SO THEY ARE INNERVATED BY CN VII (7). The facial nerve!
What muscles does branchial arch 3 give rise to?
Stylopharyngeus

SO IT IS INNERVATED BY CN IX (9). The glossopharyngeal nerve!
What muscle does branchial arch 4 give rise to?
Cricothyroid, levator veli palatine, constrictors of pharynx, and palatoglossus.

SO THEY ARE INNERVATED BY CN X; THE VAGUS NERVE. Specifically the superior laryngeal branch!
What muscles does branchial arch 6 give rise to?
The intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
muscles that actually move the vocal chords.

SO IT IS INNERVATED BY CN X; THE VAGUS NERVE. Specifically the recurrent laryngeal branch!
1.What is efferent

2. What is afferent
1. Motor

2. Sensory
What is formed by the endodermal epithelium of pharyngeal pouch 1?
The TUBOTYMPANIC RECESS
-it forms the pharyngotympanic canal (Eustachian tube) and the cavity of the middle ear.

**the first branchial MEMBRANE forms the tympanic MEMBRANE
What is formed by the endodermal epithelium of pharyngeal pouch 2?
The epithelium of PALATINE TONSIL and tonsilar crypts.
What is formed by the endodermal epithelium of pharyngeal pouch 3?
Dorsal portion: INFERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS (1 on left and 1 on right)

Ventral portion: epithelial reticulum of THYMUS GLAND (half on left and half on right)
What is formed by the endodermal epithelium of pharyngeal pouch 4?
Dorsal portion: SUPERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS (1 on left and one on right)

**so there are 4 parathyroid glands all together....2 inf and 2 sup.)

Ventral portion:
1)ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY
2) associates with neural cres cells to form parafollicular (c-cells) of the thyroid gland.
How do structures that develop from the branchial/pharyngeal pouches form?
Bilaterally!
Does the thyroid gland derive from pharyngeal pouches?
NO!!! It develops separately and begins development at the foramen cecum.
Where does the thyroid gland develop?
Develops in oral cavity at thyroid diverticulum.
Where does the thyroid diverticulum form?
In the oral cavity at a site called the foramen cecum where it elongates and passes anterior to the thyroid gland.
What is forming at tip of thyroid diverticulum?
The thyroid gland!
The foramen cecum remains open and forms what?
The thyroglossal duct; a narrow tube connecting the thyroid gland to the tongue.
Where does the thyroid gland migrate? Is it bilateral?
Migrates through the tongue, caudal to the hyoid, and rests right in front of the thyroid cartilage. It is not bilateral....it is ONE MIDLINE!

Foramen cecum can be seen on the tongue. It's the line that denotes the separation of the anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3rd of tongue.
What is a Thyroglossal cyst?
Malformation of Thyroid gland. Thyroglossal duct does not regress so you get cysts that can be anywhere along the path of migration of the thyroid gland.
*will usually be in midline between tongue and thyroid cartilage
How do you get a thyroglossal duct sinus?
The thyroglossal duct does not regress all the way and leaves openings on skin anteriorly or the tongue.
How do you get an ectopic thyroid gland?
When the thyroid gland itself does not migrate all the way down; can be anywhere along the migration path.
What is a lingual thyroid?
When the thyroid gland doesn't migrate at all and is associated with down's syndrome.
What is a paraminal lobe?
When extra thyroid tissue forms a third lobe of the thyroid; about 10 % of people have one.
When thyroid is located in neck region it is called what?
Cervical thyroid (also ectopic)
Are ectopic thyroids functional?
Yes....they're just not where they are suppose to be.
What congenital malformation is associated with the branchial apparatus when the cervical sinus does not regress (the vesicle that remains transiently through grooves 2-4 that usually regresses together into one vesicle)?
You get a lump on the LATERAL side of the neck called a branchial sinus (NOT a midline structure) that is called a branchial cleft cyst or a branchial sinus.

Most common cause of neck mass that can occur unilaterally or bilaterally, just anterior to sternomastoid.
What is it called when the branchial sinus remains open?
It will leave an opening at it site in the neck and may have some oozing coming out.
What is first arch syndrome?
A syndrome associated with the first branhial arch. Affects structure is jaw, head, external ear etc. Largely due to insufficient migration of neural crest cells in that region.
What cause DiGeorge Syndrome (Also associated with branchial apparatus)?
Lack of parathyroid glands and thymus glands that cause facial abnormalities (ie. low-set ears, small mouth) and defects in outflow tract of heart and great vessels (this part is not associated with branchial apparatus). ALSO due to insufficient migration of neural crest cells to region of pharyngeal pouches.
What happens when the thymus and parathyroid don't break off and migrate?
Ectopic Glands. They are functional, just in wrong spot.
Branchial cyst

Thyroglossal cyst
Unilateral or bilateral (not midline)

Midline swelling beneath the arch of hyoid bone (MIDLINE)
What does the stomodeum form?
Forms anterior 2/3 of oral cavity!

It's lined with ectoderm from the maxillary, frontal and mandibular prominences and they grow with neural crest cells.
What is Rachke's pouch?
The anterior love of the pituitary glandular outgrowth of ectoderm from the stomodeum of the embryo
What is the deep portion that breaks down to ultimately gives us the continuous cavity with the pharynx and foregut.
The oropharyngeal membrane
Part of stomodeum that is an upward growth that is ectoderm lined that joins a downward growth form the diencephalaon that forms the anterior paturitary that forms the what?
Rathke's Pouch that forms the Adenohypophysis
What does the face form from?
The five facial primordial
What are the 5 facial primordial?
1 Frontal nasal prominence
2 Maxillary prominences
2 Mandibular prominences

5 total since max. and mand. are paired
What forms the prominences of the facial primordial?

VERY IMPORTANT
The proliferation and migration of neural crest cells.
The neural crest is the MAJOR source of connective tissue components including what?
Cartilage, bone and ligaments in the face and oral regions
How is the Olfactory mucosa formed?
The nasal placodes formed on the frontal prominence that are thickenings of surface ectoderm that form depressions called nasal pits that are surrounded my medial and lateral nasal prominences.
What is the line where the lateral nasal prominence comes into contact with the maxillary prominence?
The nasal lacrimal groove that gives rise to the nasal lacrimal canal which is the canal that is going to convey tear ducts so tears go from your medial eye to your nose.
The medial nasal prominence move medially toward each other and grow around the lateral nasal prominences like the letter "E" and contacts the maxillary prominence...what happens next and what is formed as a result of it?
The medial nasal prominences fuse and form the intermaxillary segment.
What does the intermaxillary segment give rise to?
The Philtrum of the lip
Fleshy nasal septum
Premaxillary part of maxilla (upper jaw where 4 incisor teeth are)
Primary palate (very small part of hard palate)
What does the inward growth of the medial intermaxillary segment into the oral cavity form?
The primary palate. Above it is a nostril that is completely separate form the oral cavity at first.
How do you get the connection of nasal and oral cavity?
By the breakdown of the oral nasal membrane which is the choanae way in the back of the palate in the adult.
What is the afferent (sensory) innervation of the frontonasal prominence?
V1: Opthalmic division of trigem nerve;

Top of head, forehead and bridge of nose
What is the afferent (sensory) innervation of the maxillary prominence?
V2: the maxillary division of the trigem nerve

Upper jaw, check bone etc
What is the afferent (sensory) innervation of the mandibular prominence?
V3: the mandibular division of the trigem nerve

Lower jaw, chin etc
What is the EFFERENT motor innervation of the face; muscles of facial expression?
CN VII; Facial. From branchial arch 2 (hyoid area)
How are the nasal cavities formed?
Initially from nasal pits that is the ectoderm lined impression that formed on frontonasal prominence ; the pit will become deeper forming a nasolacrimal sac.
What is formed as the primary palate formed by the intermaxillary septum continues to grow?
The rest of the hard palate that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity except for in the very back which is where the choana is; this is how people can drink milk and force it out their nose!
What are the 2 parts of the hard palate?
Primary palate
Secondary palate
How is the secondary palate formed?
Paired shelves; lateral palatine processes; palatile shelves formed from inward extensions of the maxillary processes.

The shelves are initially directed down but eventually rise up and fuse above the tongue in an anterior to posterior manner with each other and with the primary palate and the downward growing nasal septum.
What is located in the coanae where the palate does not separate the nasal and oral cavities?
The pharynx
The palatal shelves go from what position to what position to form the hard palate?
They go from vertical to horizontal to fuse in the midline and form the hard palate.
What is located between the primary and secondary palate?
The incisive foramen; its the landmark between the primary and secondary palates.

Most of the palate is secondary.
What can happen if these structures (ie palatal shelves) don't fuse?
You get cleft palate and/or lip
What is the result of an incomplete fusion of the maxillary prominence with the medial nasal prominence?
Anterior Cleft lip; can involve the skin or the primary palate
What can be the result of the incomplete fusion of lateral palatine processes and nasal septum?
Posterior cleft palate.
Where can a cleft structure be?
Any place one of the five primordia don't fuse you can have a unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, a cleft lip and palate, just a cleft palate or a cleft palate and a partially cleft lip etc.
Order of prominences on images
See cartoon pic labeled "Cleft Lip and Palate (con't):

Lateral nasal prominence
Maxillary prominence Medial nasal prominence
Mandibular prominence
Epidemiology of cleft lip
1/1000 births
more common in males
increases with maternal age
Epidemiology of cleft palate
1/2500 births
occurs more frequently in females
NOT related to maternal age
certain drugs during pregnancy inc risk of cleft lip and palate.
What are some causes of cleft palate?
Smallness of palatal shelves: too small to fuse
Failure of shelves to elevate
Inhibition of the fusion process itself
Failure of the tongue to drop between the shelves b/c of microagnathia; like in first arch syndrome.
Thyroid comes from what?

Thymus comes from what?
Foramen cecum

Pharyngeal pouch
What are the two parts of the skull; axial skeleton?
Neurocranium (surrounding the brain)

Viscerocranium (bones of face surrounding face; around oral and nasal cavities)
What are the 2 forms of calcification?
Intramembranous and Endocondrial
How is Endochondrial ossification formed?
-Starts with cartilage anlage (act of laying on)
-Elongates and vascularization
-Calcifications (cartilage gets "gobbled up" and replaced by bone)
-Infiltration by bone cells (forms bone)
How is intramembranous ossification formed?
-Begins to form as dense connective tissue membrane (no cartilage)
-infiltrated by bone cells
-Spicules of bone coalesce (to grow together/merge)
Can the periosteum of all bones in the entire body lay down bone without any cartilage ?
Yes; most bone occurs because of periosteal deposition.

When you fracture a bone, periosteum is what heals that bone.
Growth in LENGTH of bone occurs because of...?
Endocondrial
After we loose our epiphyseal plates, by which process do our bones CONTINUE to grow?
Intramembranous
Towards top of head

Towards butt!
Rostral

Caudal
What does the anterior swelling correspond to in the forebrain?
The cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus
What does the prosencephalon (forebrain) develop into?
Telencephalon and diencephalon
The restriction in the middle of the brain is called the?
The Mesencephalon; separates to things.
What does the hindbrain form?
The Rhombencephalon
What is formed from the rhombencephalon?
The Pons and Medulla

Note:
Called the RHOMbencephalon because it surrounds the fourth ventricle of the brain
What is the extension or the continuation of the rhombencephalon and what runs along side it?
The spinal cord; somitomeres (joined) on top and somites (separated) on bottom.
What are the parts of the Primitive brain?
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Where is/what is the edge of the embryo?
The belly button
What lines the primitive brain and how many?
7 Somitomeres
What lines the top portion of the rhombencephalon and how many are their?
4 Occipital somites and Cervical somites (he didn't give a specific number to cervical somites)
What are the 2 portions of neurocranium?
Cartilaginous (forms basal/ventral of skull)

Membranous (forms flat bones of the calvaria)
Neurocranium develops from....
Develops from paraxial mesoderm which is made from:
-Cephalic paraxial mesoderm MADE UP OF the 7 somitomeres
-occipital somites (4)
-Sclerotomes-next to spinal cord (makes bone)
Cartilaginous neurocranium form from ___________
ossification?
Endochondrial

NOTE: so the whole front (ventral/basal) portion of the skull is formed from cartilage...FIRST!
__________ ossification forms membranous neurocranium.
Intramembranous

NOTE: most of back of skull is made up of membranes.
What do the 4 occipital somites form in cartilaginous neurocranium?
-Forms sclerotome
-migrates ventrally and medially to neural tube
-forms occipital bone
What does the cartilaginous neurocranium form?
1. Base of skull
2. 7 somitomeres
3. 4 occipital somites
4. Undergoes endochondral ossification
What does membranous neurocranium form?
1. calvaria
2. 7 somitomeres
3. undergoes intramembranous ossification
What do the 7 somitomeres from the cartilaginous neurocranium form and how do they migrate?
They form sclerotome and migrates ventrally and medially to the neural tube.
What do the 7 somitomeres from the membranous neurocranium form and how do thy migrate?
The form the sclerotome and migrate laterally and dorsally to the neural tube.
Most of the viscerocranium is made up of....
neural crest cells associated with branchial apparatus- branchiomeric mesenchyme.
what is the membranous viscerocranium made from?
Intramembranous ossification
what 2 things are associated with the membranous viscerocranium?
The maxillary and mandibular prominences from branchial arch 1.
The first branchial arch has mekels cartilage in it but it also has which two bones from the ear?
Malleus and Incus
1. What are the main bones associated with maxillary prominence of the the first branchial arch formed by the MEMBRANOUS VISCEROCRANIUM?

2. What about the mandibular prominence? :~)
1. Maxilla, zygoma, and squamous portion of temporal bone

2. Mandible
Which prominence of the first branchial arch is associated the CARTILAGINOUS VISCEROCRANIUM?
The mandibular prominence

Malleus and incus
Other than the mandibular prominence of the first branchial arch, what else is associated with the cartilaginous viscerocranium?
-The second branchial arch: Stapes ande styloid process, lesser horn and upper portion of hyoid
-Third branchial arch: grater horn and inferior portion of hyoid.
-Fourth and sixth arches: thyroid and cricoid cartilage
Sutures
Fibrous joints between the bones
Fontanelles
Large fibrous areas where several sutures meet
What happens to the fetal skull during birst?
the bones of the skull overlap to allow passage through the birth canal.
What forms from the membranes that surround meckels cartilage?
The mandible
Only part of the _______ and the ________ are endochondrial.
Median plane of the chin and the condyle
Craniosynostosis
Deformities of the skull which result from prematures closure of the sutures.
Where does the extrinsic ocular innervation for the head come from?
Somitomeres 1.2.3. and 5
Which somitomeres and occipital somites are associated with the branchial arches for the head musculature?
Somitomeres 4, 6, and 7
Occipital somites 1 & 2
Which occiptial somites give extrinsis and intrinsic innervation to the tongue?
Occipital somites 1 & 2
What happens to nerves when muscles migrate?
When the bone moves, the muscle that is attached to it migrates with it and the nerve that was attached to that muscle (formed from myotome) goes with it.
Which cranial nerves are associated with the ocular muscles?
CN: 3, 4, and 6
Which CN are associated with the branchial musculature?
CN: 4, 7, 9, 10, and 11
Which CN are assoicated with the tongue musculatue?
CN: 12
Myotomes come from _________ and invade the ________ region.
somitomeres ..... ocular
What does LR6SO4 represent?
The Lateral Rectus is innervated by CN 6 (abducens) and the superior obliqe is innervated by CN 4(trochlear).
Other than the superior oblique and lateral rectus....which cn innervates the eye muscles?
Oculomotor CN 3
What CN innvervates the first branchial arch?
CN 5 (Trigemenal); which comes out of the rostral pons from the rhombencephalon
What CN is associated with the 2nd brancial arch?
CN: 7 (facial) which is derived from somitomere 6.
Innervates the muscles of facial expression
What muscles move the jaw?
The muscles of mastication:
Temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
Which CN innervates the 3rd branchial arch?
CN 9 (Glossopharyngeal) originates is somitomer 7.

The only muscle in branchial arch 3 is the stylopharyngeus.
Which CN innervates the 4th branchial arch?
The pharyngeal branch of CN 10 (vagus) and the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
What is the 'REAL DEAL" muscle of the 4th branchial arch?
The cricothyroid muscle
Which CN innervates the 6th branchial arch?
The recurrent branch of the vagus: The cranial component of the accesory nerve.
The recurrent laryngeal nerves is the nerve of the 6th branchial arch and it has to go around the...
...subclavian on the right and/or around the aorta on the left to innervate the muscles of the larynx
What is worth noting about the special case of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?
They are caudal to the branchial apparatus, innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI).
The spinal accessory nerve arose from the cervial segments so what makes it a CN?
It exits the skull
The nerves of the branchial musculature come from the lateral brainstem....do they come from lateral plate mesoderm?
NO!!!
Which somitomeres are innervated by these CN:
1. Oclomotor (CN 3)
2. Trochlear (CN 4)
3. Trigem (CN 5)
4. Abducens (CN 6)
1. SO 1, 2
2. SO 3
3. SO 4
4. SO 5
Which somitomeres/occipital somites are innervated by these CN:
1. Facial ( CN 7)
2. Glossopharyneal (CN 9)
3. Vagus and Accessory (CNs 10 and 11)
4. Hypoglossal (CN 12)
1. SO 6
2. SO 7
3. OSI 1 & 2
4. OSI 2, 3, and 4
What is the fancy name for forebrain?
prosencephalon
What is the fancy word for midbrain?
mesencephalon
What is the fancy word for the hindbrain?
Rhombencephalon
What induces the formation of the neural plate int he overlying ectoderm?
The notochord
What is the first evidence of brain development?
The primary brain vesicles
List the primary brain vesicle?
Prosencephalong, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon
what 2 secondary vesicles does the prosencephalon divide into during the 5th week?
Telencephalon and diencephalon
How many primary vesicles are there and how many secondary?
3 primary and 5 secondary
Which 2 secondary vesicles doe the rhombencephalon separate into?
The metencephalon and myelencephalon.
In what week does the vesicles divide?
The 5th week
Since the mesocephalon does not break down into secondary vesicles....what does it develoop into and what are its two parts?
Develops into the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct. Its two parts are the Tectum and tegmentum
What structure is beneath the neural plate?
The notochord
What is the notchord responsible for?
The development of the nervous system
What are the 3 flexures?
Midbrain: in region of midbrain
Cervical: at junction of hindbrain and spinal cord
Pontime fluxure: results in thinning of hindrain roof
Forebrain (prosencephalon)> Telencephalon and >cerebral cortex>WHICH VENTRICLE?
Lateral Ventricles
Midbrain (mesencephalon)>midbrain>WHICH VENTRICULAR SYSTEM?
Cerebral aqueduct
Forebrain (prosencephalon)>Diencephalon>Thalmi etc>WHICH VENTRICLE?
Third ventricle
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)>Mesencephalon>pons and cerebellum>WHICH VENTRICLE?
Upper part of FOURTH ventricle
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)>meyelencephalon>medulla>WHICH VENTRICLE?
Lower part of FOURTH ventricle
What "opens" the fourth ventricle?
The pontine flexure
Where do you find CSF?
Ventricular system and subarachnoid space
What is the membrane of the surface of the brain called?
The piamater
What happens when the pia meets the apendama?
The growth of choroid plexus for CSF production; which occurs within very specific places of the brain.
Where do you find coroid?
In the lateral ventricles draining into the 3rd ventricle; from the 3rd ventricle through the cerebral awueduct of the mesencephalon into the 4th ventricle of the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
Where do we absorb csf?
In the veins
Interference with circulation or absorption of the CSF can result in what?
Enlargement of the ventricular system
Hydrocephalus is highly correlated with what?
Spina bifida
What is the product of malabsorption of CSF?
Nonobstructive hydrocephalus
What is the treatment for hydrocephalus?
Drain the CSF by putting a tube in the ventricular system and put it back in via the abdomen: This is called a Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
Stenosis of cerebral aqueduct is caused by what ?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage and parasitic infections like from cats and uncooked meats.
In the neural tube the alar and basal plates are separated by what?
The sulcus limitans
What is the back part and front part of the spinal cord?
The dorsal and ventral horns
What brings info into the nervous system?
Dorsal root ganglia; they bring afferent info into the nervous system
What is the back of the spinal cord?
The alar plate; sensory is dorsal (afferent)
What is the front of the spinal cord?
The basal plate; motor is ventral (efferent)
The fourth ventricle opens up and creates the ?
The back of the Pons! So the alar plate goes lateral and the basal plate goes medial.
Motor/basal (efferent) "CRAP" is ______ and sensory/alar (afferent) "stuff" is _______.
Medial and Lateral.
Where do you find pseudounipolar cells?
In the dorsal root ganglia; they get associated with the alar plate of the neural tube.
Bipolar cells transment?
Special sensory
What are the branchial arch nerves?
5, 7, 9 and 10
Parasympathetics arrise from
3, 7, 9, and 10
Motor stuff comes out of which plate?
Basal
The major sensory function of the head are carried by whci cn?
Trigem
Which CN are associated with the medulla (meyelencephalon)? Motor components of the meyelencephaon (basal plate.)
9, 10, 11, & 12
Which CN are associated with the alar plate (sensory component) of the myelencephalon?
9 & 10
Which CN are associated with the motor component (basal plate) of the metencephalon?
5, 6, & 7
Which CN are associated with the sensory component (alar plate) of the metencephalon?
5, 7, & 8
Which CN is associated with the diencephalon?
2
Which CN is associated with the telencephalon?
1
Which CN is associated with the mesencephalon?
3, 4, & 5
Sensory ganglia are associated with what?
The pontine alar plate?
What motoneurons for muscles are associated with what?
The pons
What is a visceral function?
Visceral sensory info comes into the nervous system and lets us sense pain; our pain is acutely aware of everything.
CN 10
Innervates the ear and can make us feel nauseous when we have an ear ache.
The cerebellum develops out of the what?
Alar plate and from the Rhombic lip (rotril part of the pons)
What do other cells from the alar plate migrate ventrally to become?
The pre-cerebellar nuclei, like the basilar pontine nuclei (pons) and the inferior olive (medulla)
The cerebellum fuse at the?
top of the 4th ventricle.
the motor component of the basal plate give rise to which motor neurons?
5, 6 and 7
Because of a restricted posterior cranial fossa the cerebellum extrudes through the foramen magnum causeing pressure on the back of the brainstem and upper spinal cord and this caused what deformity?
Arnol-Chiari II
What is a subarachnoid cyst called?
A meningeocele
What is a meningeocele filled with?
CSF
What is a cyst that has brain tissue psshing out with it in the back of the neck/head?
Meningoencephalocele (no CSF)
What is in a meningohydroencephalocele?
Brain tissue, CSF
Motor components of the mesencephalon (midbrain) have neurons in which CN?
CN 3 and 4
Sensory components of the mesencephalon have neurons in which CN?
CN 5 (very small portion though)
What does the optic vessel for?
The optic cup
What does the optic stalk connect to?
The diencephalon
The posterior patuitary is a down growth of what?
The diencephalon; it's derived from hypothalamus

Remember:
Produces vosopressin and oxytocin
The anterior patuitary is an upgrowth of what?
The pharynx; where most patuitary hormones come from.
Where does cell division occur?
Next to the ventricles then they migrate out
What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
The cerebral aqueduct
What is a lack in the development of the telencephalon;
Microcephli common in downs syndrome patients
Failure of the telencephalon to form two sides is usually associated with severe deformities of the face is called what?
Holoprosencephaly
A vast ventricle occupies the cranium with no real discerible telencephalon. May result in a failure of circulation to the brain early in development.
Hydrencephaly