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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
As the oocyte moves from: ovary --> ampulla -->tube --> uterus
what changes occur?
oocyte in ovary --> oocyte in tube --> oocyte penetrated by sperm (curve) --> zygote --> 2 cell stage --> 4 cell stage --> 8 cell stage --> morula --> blastocytes --> drops into unterus
Cleavage
1) Zygote (1 cell) series of rapid mitotic division (1 cell, 2 cells, 4 cells, morula [16 - 30 cells])

2) Occurs about 30 hours after fertilization
Blastomere
Result of the zygote dividing into two cells
Morula
1) 16 - 30 cells

2) Two types:
*Embryoblast (inner cell mass, centrally located large size cells)
*Trophoblast (outer cell mass, small sized outer cells)
Does the size of the morula change?
No, it doesn't get bigger, it just gets more "packed"
Give the time period for the following:
1) 2 cell stage (blastomere)
2) 16 - 32 cell stage (morula)
1. 30 hours
2. 3 days
What happens on the 3rd and 4th day of fertilization?
1) The morula enters the uterus

2) The zona pellucida is intact (starts to dissolve on the 4th day)

3) Trophoblasts begin to proliferate
Zona Pellucida
Thick outer glycoprotein shell around the morula (dissolves upon implantation in the uterus)
What time frame is late morula?
3.5 to 4 days
Blastocystic Cavity
* A fluid-filled space inside the morula forms on days 5 - 6

* Trophoblasts line the outer cell layer

* The inner cell mass, embryoblasts become the blastocysts
Embryonic End
The end of the blastocyst that attaches to the uterine wall
(Aembryonic end is the side that is not attached)
Trophoblast differentiate into two layers:
1) Cytotrophoblast (cellular layer)

2) Syntrophoblast (syncytiotrophoblast, multinucleate protoplasmic mass formed by fusion of cells)
Cytotrophoblast
layer which is cellular and helps keep the structure intact
Syntrophoblast
* syncytial layer idea for penetration into the endometrium of the uterus

1) Multinucleate protoplasmic mass formed by the fusion of cells

2) 7th day starts to penetrate into the uterus
How does the Sytrophoblast penetrate the endometrium of the uterus?
• It has fingerlike processes that extend through the endometrial epithelium and invade the endometrial connective tissue

• the pulling motion of the syntrophoblast superficially implants the blastocyst into the endometrium

• produces proteolytic enzymes that erode the endometrium and allow the blastocyst to burrow into it

• this erosion and burrowing may cause spotting
Summarize what happens to the oocyte during the first week of development:
Zygote --> 2 cell stage blastomere --> 4 cell stage blastomere --> 16-30 cell morula --> morula made up of:

• embryoblast --> blastocyst
• trophoblasts --> form two layers: cytotrophoblast and syntrophoblast
1) Define Placenta Previa

2) What is dangerous about the Placenta Previa?
1) Placenta that develops from the implantation of the blastocyst close to the internal Os (incorrect site)

2) The placenta comes out before the baby causing there to be a lack of oxygen, blood supply, and nutrients to the baby. A C-section is necessary.
What is Extrauterine Implantation?
Implantation outside of the uterus (aka Ectopic Implantation)
1) What is the most common type of Ectopic/Extrauterine implantation?

2) What are two other types?
1) Tubal Implantation

2) Abdominal Cavity and Ovary
What is an Intrauterine Ectopic implantation?
An implantation within the uterus, but in the wrong spot.
What type of implantation is Placenta Previa?
Intrauterine Ectopic Implantation
What are the symptoms of an Intrauterine Ectopic?
• Bleeding around the 6th month

• more painless bleeding as the pregnancy progresses

• usually no pain associated
What is the birthing method for Intrauterine Ectopics?
Cesarean Section (for total previa; placenta completely covering the opening)
What causes intrauterine implantation?
• subluxation
• imbalance of neural and hormonal components
• pelvic infections
• scarring from prior tubal surgeries/ectopics
• endometriosis (inflammation in lining of uterus)
• uterine fibroids (Benign tumors)
• use of IUDs (intrauterine devices)
• smoking (basal constriction on blood vessels)
How can you prevent Intrauterine Ectopic Implantation?
1) Prevent infections

2) Chiropractic adjustments

3) Balance hormones
What are the complications that can arise from an Intrauterine Ectopic?
• placenta previa

• bleeding

• Cesarean Section
What is an Extra-uterine implantation?
Implantation outside of the uterus
What are the symptoms of an extra-uterine implantation?
• pain on the side of implantation around the 8-10 week of pregnancy

• pain in the shoulder area (referred pain), also indicates the side of the implantation

• could have slight bleeding

• dizziness

• pelvic pain

• rib subluxation
How do you diagnose an extra-uterine implantation?
Pelvic ultrasound and/or laparoscopy
What cause an extra-uterine implantation?
• uncontrolled infections
• scarring of uterine tube
• smoking
• advance age (over 35 y.o.)
How can you prevent an extra-uterine implantation?
• Infection control

• Chiropractic Care
What complications can arise from an extra-uterine implantation?
• Risk of tubal rupture which leads to internal bleeding

• Death
How do you treat an extra-uterine implantation?
• Termination of pregnancy

• anti cancer drug, METHOTREXATE (folic acid antagonist), that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis
What is an Ovarian Implantation?
• Implantation on the ovary

• the oocyte is fertilized pre-tube and falls on the ovary (it could attach to the adominal wall or anywhere on the curved portion of the tube)
What is the complication/treatment for an Ovarian Implantation?
Removal of the blastocyst and ovary due to scarring of the ovary
What is Douglas' Pouch?
• an area located between the outside of the uterus and the outside of the rectal/intestinal area
1) What happens if there is implantation in Douglas' pouch?

2) How is this treated?
1) The growth of the fetus compresses the rectum and shuts down the function

2) Termination of pregnancy
1) What is Mesentary Implantation?

2) How is it treated?
1) Implantation in the abdominal space (e.g. on the intestines)

2) The body reabsorbs it and later if becomes calcified.
Can a blastocyst that implants outside of the uterus become a healthy fetus?
No, it needs a good supply of oxygen and nutrients. It doesn't have a good supply of these if it is outside of the uterus.
Case Study:
1) Patients presents with pain between the scapula and vertebral column on the right side

2) She is 1.5 months pregnant

3) She thinks the pain could be from lifting a heavy box above her head.

4) Today she feels slightly nauseated, headachy, and "out of sorts"
Diagnosis: Extra-uterine pregnancy