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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
As the oocyte moves from: ovary --> ampulla -->tube --> uterus
what changes occur? |
oocyte in ovary --> oocyte in tube --> oocyte penetrated by sperm (curve) --> zygote --> 2 cell stage --> 4 cell stage --> 8 cell stage --> morula --> blastocytes --> drops into unterus
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Cleavage
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1) Zygote (1 cell) series of rapid mitotic division (1 cell, 2 cells, 4 cells, morula [16 - 30 cells])
2) Occurs about 30 hours after fertilization |
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Blastomere
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Result of the zygote dividing into two cells
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Morula
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1) 16 - 30 cells
2) Two types: *Embryoblast (inner cell mass, centrally located large size cells) *Trophoblast (outer cell mass, small sized outer cells) |
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Does the size of the morula change?
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No, it doesn't get bigger, it just gets more "packed"
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Give the time period for the following:
1) 2 cell stage (blastomere) 2) 16 - 32 cell stage (morula) |
1. 30 hours
2. 3 days |
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What happens on the 3rd and 4th day of fertilization?
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1) The morula enters the uterus
2) The zona pellucida is intact (starts to dissolve on the 4th day) 3) Trophoblasts begin to proliferate |
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Zona Pellucida
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Thick outer glycoprotein shell around the morula (dissolves upon implantation in the uterus)
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What time frame is late morula?
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3.5 to 4 days
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Blastocystic Cavity
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* A fluid-filled space inside the morula forms on days 5 - 6
* Trophoblasts line the outer cell layer * The inner cell mass, embryoblasts become the blastocysts |
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Embryonic End
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The end of the blastocyst that attaches to the uterine wall
(Aembryonic end is the side that is not attached) |
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Trophoblast differentiate into two layers:
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1) Cytotrophoblast (cellular layer)
2) Syntrophoblast (syncytiotrophoblast, multinucleate protoplasmic mass formed by fusion of cells) |
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Cytotrophoblast
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layer which is cellular and helps keep the structure intact
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Syntrophoblast
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* syncytial layer idea for penetration into the endometrium of the uterus
1) Multinucleate protoplasmic mass formed by the fusion of cells 2) 7th day starts to penetrate into the uterus |
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How does the Sytrophoblast penetrate the endometrium of the uterus?
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• It has fingerlike processes that extend through the endometrial epithelium and invade the endometrial connective tissue
• the pulling motion of the syntrophoblast superficially implants the blastocyst into the endometrium • produces proteolytic enzymes that erode the endometrium and allow the blastocyst to burrow into it • this erosion and burrowing may cause spotting |
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Summarize what happens to the oocyte during the first week of development:
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Zygote --> 2 cell stage blastomere --> 4 cell stage blastomere --> 16-30 cell morula --> morula made up of:
• embryoblast --> blastocyst • trophoblasts --> form two layers: cytotrophoblast and syntrophoblast |
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1) Define Placenta Previa
2) What is dangerous about the Placenta Previa? |
1) Placenta that develops from the implantation of the blastocyst close to the internal Os (incorrect site)
2) The placenta comes out before the baby causing there to be a lack of oxygen, blood supply, and nutrients to the baby. A C-section is necessary. |
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What is Extrauterine Implantation?
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Implantation outside of the uterus (aka Ectopic Implantation)
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1) What is the most common type of Ectopic/Extrauterine implantation?
2) What are two other types? |
1) Tubal Implantation
2) Abdominal Cavity and Ovary |
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What is an Intrauterine Ectopic implantation?
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An implantation within the uterus, but in the wrong spot.
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What type of implantation is Placenta Previa?
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Intrauterine Ectopic Implantation
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What are the symptoms of an Intrauterine Ectopic?
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• Bleeding around the 6th month
• more painless bleeding as the pregnancy progresses • usually no pain associated |
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What is the birthing method for Intrauterine Ectopics?
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Cesarean Section (for total previa; placenta completely covering the opening)
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What causes intrauterine implantation?
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• subluxation
• imbalance of neural and hormonal components • pelvic infections • scarring from prior tubal surgeries/ectopics • endometriosis (inflammation in lining of uterus) • uterine fibroids (Benign tumors) • use of IUDs (intrauterine devices) • smoking (basal constriction on blood vessels) |
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How can you prevent Intrauterine Ectopic Implantation?
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1) Prevent infections
2) Chiropractic adjustments 3) Balance hormones |
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What are the complications that can arise from an Intrauterine Ectopic?
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• placenta previa
• bleeding • Cesarean Section |
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What is an Extra-uterine implantation?
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Implantation outside of the uterus
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What are the symptoms of an extra-uterine implantation?
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• pain on the side of implantation around the 8-10 week of pregnancy
• pain in the shoulder area (referred pain), also indicates the side of the implantation • could have slight bleeding • dizziness • pelvic pain • rib subluxation |
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How do you diagnose an extra-uterine implantation?
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Pelvic ultrasound and/or laparoscopy
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What cause an extra-uterine implantation?
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• uncontrolled infections
• scarring of uterine tube • smoking • advance age (over 35 y.o.) |
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How can you prevent an extra-uterine implantation?
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• Infection control
• Chiropractic Care |
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What complications can arise from an extra-uterine implantation?
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• Risk of tubal rupture which leads to internal bleeding
• Death |
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How do you treat an extra-uterine implantation?
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• Termination of pregnancy
• anti cancer drug, METHOTREXATE (folic acid antagonist), that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis |
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What is an Ovarian Implantation?
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• Implantation on the ovary
• the oocyte is fertilized pre-tube and falls on the ovary (it could attach to the adominal wall or anywhere on the curved portion of the tube) |
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What is the complication/treatment for an Ovarian Implantation?
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Removal of the blastocyst and ovary due to scarring of the ovary
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What is Douglas' Pouch?
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• an area located between the outside of the uterus and the outside of the rectal/intestinal area
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1) What happens if there is implantation in Douglas' pouch?
2) How is this treated? |
1) The growth of the fetus compresses the rectum and shuts down the function
2) Termination of pregnancy |
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1) What is Mesentary Implantation?
2) How is it treated? |
1) Implantation in the abdominal space (e.g. on the intestines)
2) The body reabsorbs it and later if becomes calcified. |
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Can a blastocyst that implants outside of the uterus become a healthy fetus?
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No, it needs a good supply of oxygen and nutrients. It doesn't have a good supply of these if it is outside of the uterus.
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Case Study:
1) Patients presents with pain between the scapula and vertebral column on the right side 2) She is 1.5 months pregnant 3) She thinks the pain could be from lifting a heavy box above her head. 4) Today she feels slightly nauseated, headachy, and "out of sorts" |
Diagnosis: Extra-uterine pregnancy
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