Embryology Exam 1

Front 1

Where are the cells from the primary yolk sac produced?

Back 1

the hypoblast

Front 2

Whose genes does the hydatidiform mole express?

Back 2

the paternal genes

Front 3

What layer does the primitive streak appear?

Back 3

The epiblast

Front 4

After gastrulation, the yolk sac is in which layer?

Back 4

endoderm

Front 5

Where do ectopic pregnancies occur frequently?

Back 5

in the uterine tubes

Front 6

What are the differences between male and female gametes?

Back 6

Females: produce only 1 mature gamete that is large and nonmotile and only produced until about 50 years of age.

Males: produce 4 mature gamete is that are small and motile and are produced throughout life.

Front 7

hCG is produced by?

Back 7

syncytiotrophoblast

Front 8

Where do gametes usually meet?

Back 8

in the ampulla

Front 9

What are the phases of fertilization in order?

Back 9

Capacitation, Acrosomal, Cortical, and Zona

Front 10

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle

Back 10

Follicular phase, Ovulatory phase, and Luteal phase

Front 11

What phase is the Ovarian cycle in at days 15-28?

Back 11

Luteal phase

Front 12

This hormone is produced in the hypothalmus

Back 12

GnRH

Front 13

What are the two gonadotropic hormones?

Back 13

FSH and LH

Front 14

What is the functional layer of the uterus?

Back 14

Endometrium.

Front 15

What phase of the menstrual cycle would pregnancy occur?

Back 15

Secretory phase

Front 16

What phase is the menstrual cylce in at days 5-14?

Back 16

Proliferative phase

Front 17

What phase of the menstrual cycle does Ovulation occur?

Back 17

Proliferative phase

Front 18

what are the glands secreting in the secretory phase of the Menstrual cycle?

Back 18

glycogen

Front 19

This period is when the glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins are removed from the acrosome

Back 19

Capacitation

Front 20

What are the phases for fertilization in order?

Back 20

Capacitation, Acrosome, Cortical reaction, and Zona reaction

Front 21

This reaction disrupts the binding sites for sperm allowing the remaining sperm to fall off.

Back 21

Zona reaction

Front 22

What happens during the cortical reaction?

Back 22

there is a release of lysosomal granules from oocyte caused by penetration.

Front 23

What fuses together to make a zygote?

Back 23

Male and Female pronuclei

Front 24

What are the results of fertilization?

Back 24

diploid number of chrmosomes are restored, genetic gender is determined, the first cell of the new individual, cleavage is initiated.

Front 25

Where do rapid mitotic divisions with little or no change in mass occur?

Back 25

Zona pellucida

Front 26

What are the first two cells produced during cleavage called?

Back 26

Blastomeres

Front 27

What is the conceptus called at 16-32 blastomeres?

Back 27

morulla

Front 28

what is the inner cell mass also known as?

Back 28

The embryoblast

Front 29

What is the blastocyst made of?

Back 29

outercell mass - tropoblast, inner cell mass- embryoblast, and fluid from the disintegrated zona pellucida.

Front 30

What are the two germ layers of the embryoblast?

Back 30

epiblast and hypoblast

Front 31

What are the two tissue layers of the trophoblast?

Back 31

Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

Front 32

What are the two layers of the extramembryonic mesoderm?

Back 32

somatopleuricmesoderm and splanchnopleuric mesoderm

Front 33

What is the blastocyst cavity remodeled into?

Back 33

bilaminar germ disk and extraembryonic mesoderm

Front 34

Where is placenta previa found

Back 34

When implantation takes place in the bottom of the uterus and crosses the internal os

Front 35

This is fertilization that occurs outside the uterus. It can happen in the perironeum

Back 35

Rectouterine cavity -- Douglas pouch

Front 36

What is the purpose of HcG?

Back 36

It mimics the effects of LH to keep the endometrium from shedding.

Front 37

This is an abnormal implantation that produces high levels of HcG and can produce benign or malignant tumors

Back 37

Hydatidiform mole

Front 38

This layer forms the floor of the amniotic cavity

Back 38

Epiblast

Front 39

The hypoblast forms the roof of what cavity?

Back 39

The exocoelomic cavity

Front 40

What is another name for the exxocoelomic cavity?

Back 40

The primary yolk sac

Front 41

These are the remnants of the primary yolk sac

Back 41

exocoelomic cysts

Front 42

The synctytiotrophoblasts create vacuoles in the intervillous space of the placenta. What are these cavities called?

Back 42

lacunae primordia

Front 43

The embryonic disk is made up of which components?

Back 43

The epiblast and the hypoblast

Front 44

What does the bilaminar disk seperate?

Back 44

The amniotic cavity and the yolk sac

Front 45

What does the somatoplueric mesoderm line?

Back 45

lines the yolk sac

Front 46

What does the splanchnopleuric mesoderm line?

Back 46

lines cytotrophoblast and amnion cells

Front 47

What end of the embryo does the primitive streak form?

Back 47

The caudal end

Front 48

Where is the primitive node located?

Back 48

at the cranial end

Front 49

What is the thickened hypoblast later at the cephalic region called?

Back 49

Buccopharyngeal membrane

Front 50

Which layer does the buccopharyngeal membrane lack?

Back 50

Mesoderm

Front 51

This is a circular area caudal to the primitive streak.

Back 51

The cloacal membrane

Front 52

Mesenchymal cells in midline from primitive pit to buccopharyngeal membrane is called

Back 52

Notochord

Front 53

What is the basis for the axial skeleton?

Back 53

Notochord

Front 54

Druring proliferation to form the neural tube, this gets excluded.

Back 54

Neural crest

Front 55

What does the neural tube develop into?

Back 55

Brain and spinal cord

Front 56

What develops into the brain and the spinal cord

Back 56

Neural tube

Front 57

What is the paraxial mesoderm?

Back 57

The mesoderm on the sides of the neural tube

Front 58

What two layers is the lateral plate mesoderm divided into?

Back 58

Somatic (parietal) mesoderm and Splanchnic (viseral) mesoderm

Front 59

Which layer of the lateral plate mesoderm is associated with the ectoderm?

Back 59

Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm

Front 60

What are the cells that will be blood vessels and blood cells?

Back 60

Angioblasts

Front 61

what cell type are melanocytes derived from

Back 61

neural crest cells

Front 62

the epidermis is a single layer of

Back 62

ectoderm

Front 63

periderm is formed from

Back 63

epidermis

Front 64

the connecting stalk is formed from

Back 64

amnion and chorion

Front 65

the primitive streak is the beginning of

Back 65

gastrulation

Front 66

what is the basis for the axial skeleton

Back 66

notochord (mesenchymal)

Front 67

the upper layer forms the dermal papillae

Back 67

corium

Front 68

the lower layer containig the hypodermis is

Back 68

subsorium

Front 69

what is the most common sweat gland

Back 69

eccrine

Front 70

this sweat gland is found mostly in the axilla and pubic regions

Back 70

apocrine

Front 71

neural crest cells come from

Back 71

ectoderm

Front 72

What is the most basic component of the cell

Back 72

Plasma Membrane

Front 73

What controls the passage of material into and out the cell

Back 73

Plasma Membbrane

Front 74

What are the ways that the plasma membrane controls passage into and out the cell?

Back 74

-acts as barrier between internal and external environment

-maintins ion and charge gradients

Front 75

What type of proteins span the entire plasma membrane

Back 75

integral / transmembrane proteins

Front 76

What are covalently linked sugar residues located outside the cell

Back 76

glycoproteins

Front 77

What type of bond joins adjacent nucleotides of nucleic acids?

Back 77

Phosphodiester bonds

Front 78

During the process of cellular respiration, what normally occurs in the cytoplasm?

Back 78

glycolosis

Front 79

Proteins that have an extracellular domain as well as a cytoplasmic domain are examples of _____ membrane proteins.

Back 79

intrinsic protein

Front 80

What kind of proteins are associated with either cytoplasmic or extracellular domains?

Back 80

extrinsic proteins

Front 81

Microvilli are composed of?

Back 81

Micro filaments

Front 82

What is the major function of cilia

Back 82

move material across the surface of the cell

Front 83

The basal body of a cilium can be described as

Back 83

9+0

Front 84

Which cell junction is found between the basal surface of an epithelial cell and the basal lamina

Back 84

hemidesmasome

Front 85

Which junction allows for cytoplasmic communication between adjacent cells?

Back 85

gap junction

Front 86

Motor proteins are associated with ____ enabling them to move

Back 86

cilia

Front 87

The major protein component of stereocilia is

Back 87

actin

Front 88

The most variable part of the cell cycle in terms of length is:

Back 88

G1

Front 89

Most glandular epithelia secrete by the ________ method

Back 89

glandular

Front 90

Glandular epithelia are derived from

Back 90

surface epithelium

Front 91

Cell surface specializations of epithelia are found on the ____ surface

Back 91

apical

Front 92

epithelial tissue is characterized by the almost total lack of an

Back 92

extracellular matrix

Front 93

Replication of the DNA in the nucleus occurs during

Back 93

S phase

Front 94

Long lived cells that exit the cell cycle and enter G0, do so during

Back 94

G1

Front 95

Stereoisomers have the same chemical composition, but different spatial arrangements.

Back 95

True

Front 96

Microtubules needed for the mitotic spindle are synthesized during which phase of the cell cycle

Back 96

G2

Front 97

Which is the shortest phase of the cell cycle

Back 97

M

Front 98

External regulation of the cell cycle is provided by cyclins

Back 98

False

Front 99

Chromosomes first appear during

Back 99

prophase

Front 100

what is responsible for cytokinesis

Back 100

microfilaments

Front 101

DNA synthesis occurs before

Back 101

G2

Front 102

Epithelial cells may be specialized for

Back 102

absorption and secretion

Front 103

Glandular epithelia arises embryonically from surface epithelia

Back 103

True

Front 104

Cells that die when they release their secretions are said to secrete by the _____ method

Back 104

holocrine

Front 105

Components of ribosomes are synthesized in the

Back 105

nucleolus

Front 106

The inner membrane of mitochondria contains the proteins of the

Back 106

electron transport chain

Front 107

Microfilaments are more diverse in composition than intermediate filaments

Back 107

False