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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of the early developmental stages of an organism
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Embryology
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irreversible increase in size
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growth
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the structural and functional specialization of groups of cells.
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Differentiation
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development of pattern, shape, and form
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Morphogenesis
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64 cell stage; solid ball of cells
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Morula
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at least 128 cells; fluid-filled sphere with blastocoel
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Blastula
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what are the 3 major problems associated with development.
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Energy for growth
Protection Waste disposal |
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what are the Three earliest stages of development
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fertilization, cleavage, and Gastrulation
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gametes fuse to form a zygote
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fertilization
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zygote divides into a larger and larger number of smaller cells
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cleavage
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cells of the sphere continue to divide and move inward
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gastrulation
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small amount of yolk distributed evenly (starfish)
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Isolecithal
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moderate amount of yolk distributed unevenly (frog)
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Telolecithal
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The single cell zygote divides completely
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holoblastic
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cavity of the blastula
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blastcoel
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the development of organs, and the formation of a motile and feeding larval stage having bilateral symmetry,
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organogenesis
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A small celled, darkly pigmented
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animal pole
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The animal pole cells grow over the vegetal pole cells and move inward at a depression called the blastopore
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involution
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filtered water exits the sponge via a large opening at the end of the sponge
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osculum
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crystalline, located in walls of sponges and aid in support
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spicules
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ring of tentacles armed with stinging , contain harpoon structures called nematocysts
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cnidocysts
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can includes a polyp and medusa stage
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Polymorphic
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what do amoebocytes do?
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carry and digest fppd. Also secret the skelton of calcareous/silicious spicules
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what aids support of sponges?
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spicules
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what are the flagellated cells that drw water therugh pores called.
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choanocytes
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what are the pores where water is drwn through on sponges called?
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porocytes
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what is the skeleton of Grantia made up of?
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spicules
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what are the sketleons of spongia made up up?
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spongin fibers
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in sea star cleavage what is formed as a hollow sphere
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blastula
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what is the cavity of the blastula called, what are they comprised off?
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blastocoel, blastomeres
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what stage is the archenteron formed in sea star development
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gastrulation
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what is another name for the archenteron and what does is become? in seastars
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gastrocoel, digestive tract
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where does the mesoderm form in a sea star devleopment (stage and postion)
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gastrulation, between endo and ecto derms
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what types of tissues does the mesoderm prooduce? in seastars
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muscular, and parts of the reproductive and circulatory systems
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does frog fertilization occur internally or externally
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externally thourgh amplexus
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describe animal pole
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small celled darkley pigmented
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describe vegetal pole
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larger celled, lighlty pigmented
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what stage of development in frogs does involution occur?
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gastrulation
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name two genuses of porifera
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Grantia and spongia
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name one function of collar cells
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trap food
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what is the spongecoel lined with
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choanocytes
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what do amebocytes do?
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carry and trap food
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the skeleton of grantia is comprised of what>
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spicules
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the skeleton spongia is comprised of what
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spongin fibers
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how so sponges reproduce asexually
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budding, release of gemmules
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how do sponges reproduce sexually
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choanocytes and ambocytes differentiat into gametes
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what clade do cnidarians belong to
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eumetazpan
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name the 3 classes of cnidarians
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hydrozoa, scyphozoa and anthozoa
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how do cnidarians reproduce sexually
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budding of medusa, fertilization
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how cnidarians reproduce asexually
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budding of polyps
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what is it called when cniadarians have a life cycle that inclydes both polyp and medusa stages
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polymorphic
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sessile mouth up
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polyp
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mobile mouth down
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medusa
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what is the dominate stage in class hydrozoa?
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polyp
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what is a colonial hyrdozoan with a free swimming medusa stage? genus name
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obelia
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what are specilaized feeding polyps in obelia?
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gastrozooids
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what are repoductive polyps on obelia?
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gonozoids
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what class and genus is a portugese man of war?
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hydrozoa, physalia
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what is a floating colony of polyos, some of which form a gas filled sac that suspends the colony
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portugese man of war
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what class is jellyfish in? phylum? what is its scintific name?
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scyphozoa, cnidaria, aurelia
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what are hyrdozoans with no medusa stage and they attach to a substrate at their basal disc
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hydra
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what stage dominates in scyphozoa?
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medusa
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what is the largest class of cniadrians
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anthozoa
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What class are sea anemones and corals in?
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anthozoans
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how do anemones reproduce?
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fragentation of the basal disc
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how do you distingush anemone from hydrozoan and scyohozoan polyps
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partioning of GVC
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what dinoflagellate algae so coral have a symbiotic relationship with
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zooxanthellae
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what phylum are flatworms?
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platyhelminthes
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what are the 3 mainclasses of platyhelminthes
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turbellaria, trematoda, cestoda
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what class is the genus dugesia in?
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turbellaria
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what class is schistosoma in?
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trematoda(flukes)
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what class is opisthorchis in?
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trematoda
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what class is fasciola in?
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trematoda
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what genus has eyespots?
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dugesia
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what genus and class needs a snail as intermidiate host?
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schistosoma, trematoda
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what are the 2 names of the hosts in schistosoma?
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definitive, intermiadiate
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what class are tapeworms in
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cestoda
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what class does the genus Taenia belong in?
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cestoda
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what phylum are roundworms in?
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nematoda
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what phylum are ascaris in
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nematoda
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what phylum is trichinella in
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nematoda
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what phylum are pseudocolemates?
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nematoda
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what phylum are acoelomates?
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platyhelminthes
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what are some diseases caused by nematoda
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elephantiasis, trichnosis, pin worms
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how do you get trichinella
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eating uncooked pork
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what phylum are coelomates?
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mollusca, annelida
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do molluscs have an open or closed circulatory system?
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open
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what phylum are polyplacophoras in?
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mollusca
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what class are chitons in
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polyplacoophora meaning many plates
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what class are snails in
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gastropoda meaning stomach foot
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what class are clams in
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bivalvia meaning two shells
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what class are squid and octopi in
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cephalopoda head foot
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what class of molluscs has a closed circulatory system
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cephalopoda
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what type of circulatory system do annelids have?
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closed
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what phylum is polychaeta
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annelida
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what class are Nereis (CLAMWORMS)and neanthes
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polychaeta
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what are parapodia
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paired appendages on polychaens
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what class are earthworms
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oligochaeta
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do oligochaeta have parapodia
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no
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what is the genus for earthworms
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lumbricus terrestris
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what class are leeches in?
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hirudinea
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what does arthropoda mean
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jointed foot
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what type of circulatory system do arthopods have
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open
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what subphylum and class are horseshoe crabs in
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chelicerate, merostomata
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do chelicerates have maniables or antennae
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no
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what class and subphylum are ticks mites and spiders
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chelicerata, arachnida
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what were the first terrestrial arthopods
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scorpions
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what subphylum have mandibles and anntennae
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malacostraca
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what subphyulum have compound eyes and biamous appendages
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malacostraca
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what class and subphylum do crayfish belong in
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malacostraca
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what subphylum and class are millipedes in
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myriapoda, diplopoda
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what subphylum and class are centipedes in
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myriopada and chilopoda
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which myriapoda has 2 pairs of walking legs per segment
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diplopoda
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which myriapoda has 1 pair of legs per segment
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chilopoda
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what subphylum do flies grasshoppers, bees, beetles etc belong in
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hexapoda
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what subphylum have 2 body segments and there are atleast 70% all known species
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hexapoda
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what subphylum metamorphosis
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hexapoda
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what are sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars seas cucumbers Phylum
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echinodermata
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what class and phylum are sea stars
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echinodermata asteroidea
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what are pedicellariae used for
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sea stars use them to remove debris from surface
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what class and phylum are sea urchins and sand dollars
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echinodermata, echinoidea
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what class and phylum are sea lillies
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crinoidea, echinodermata
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what class and phylum are brittle stars
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ophiuroidea and echniodermata
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what class are sea cucumbers
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holothuroidea
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what class and phylum is metridium in?
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phylum cnidaria, class anthozoa
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what class are sea anemones in and coral
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anthozoa
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how do dugesias reproduce asexuallly
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regeneration
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how do dugesia reproduce sexually
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cross fertilization
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how do anemones reproduce
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fragmentation of basal disc
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where do sperm mature and exit in worms?
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seminal vessicles, gonopores
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where is sperm stored in worms.
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seminal receptacles
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what is the fleshy lobe that precedes the mouth on a worm
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prostomium
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what is the first segment of the worm called
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peristomium
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what does the crop do and what does the gizzard do
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stores food, grinds food
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what does the nephridia do
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removes nitrogenous waste
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what hirudin
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anticoagulent
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what type of symmetry do echnioderms have at adult and larvae stage
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pentaradial and bilateral
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what is the fate of the first opening (blastopore) to the digestive cavity of protostomes
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becomes the mouth
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what is the fate of the first opening (blastopore) to the digestive cavity of deuterostomes
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becomes anus
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what is the pattern of early cell division like in protostomes
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spiral
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what is the pattern of early cell division like in deuterostomes
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radial
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what is the fate of the cells in the early embryo of protostomes
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determinante, fate is fixed during early development
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what is the fate of the cells in the early embryo of deuterostomes
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indeterminate, fate is not fixed until late development
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name 3 major phyla of protostomes
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anelida, mollusca, arthopoda
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name phlya of deutrostomes
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echinodermata
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what are the solid shells on urchins called
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tests
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